Red sesbania (Sesbania punicea)

Present distribution

Scientific name:	Sesbania punicea (CAV.) Benth.
Common name(s):	red sesbania

This weed is not known to be naturalised in Victoria

Habitat:

“Grows in wet soil to water 6 inches deep and tolerates seasonal flooding” (Speichert, Speichert 2004). “Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso, Healy 2003). In the winter rainfall regions… only survives in the proximity of perennial water bodies where there is sufficient moisture for seedlings to survive during the dry summers. In the summer-rainfall regions… less dependent of perennial water sources and the plant has also become a weed in agricultural, range and forested lands (Hoffman, Moran 1991). “Native to seasonally flood areas of Venezuela” (Vinuesa et al. 2005). “Mainly warm temperate but broad ranging…Salt tolerant…Found in tidal marshes” (PIER 2005).

Potential distribution

Potential distribution produced from CLIMATE modelling refined by applying suitable landuse and vegetation type overlays with CMA boundaries

Map Overlays Used

Land Use:
Broadacre cropping; forestry; horticulture seasonal; pasture irrigation; water

Ecological Vegetation Divisions
Coastal; swampy scrub; freshwater wetland (permanent); treed swampy wetland; lowland forest; forby forest; damp forest; riparian; wet forest; high altitude shrubland/woodland; riverine woodland/forest; saline wetland

Colours indicate possibility of Sesbania punicea infesting these areas.

In the non-coloured areas the plant is unlikely to establish as the climate, soil or landuse is not presently suitable.

map showing the potential distribution of sesbania punicea

Red= Very high	Orange = Medium
Yellow = High	Green = Likely

Impact

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Social
1. Restrict human access?	“Along river banks and in wetlands areas where it forms dense impenetrable tickets that exclude native plants and restrict access to water bodies and rivers” (Hoffman, Moran 1991). Dense stands of scarlet wisteria can decrease…access to the river for fishing, boating and other recreational activities” (SJRPCT, no date). Up to 4 m tall (Weber 2003). “Grows to 3-10 feet tall with a 5 foot spread” (Speichert & Speichert 2004). Major impediment to access waterways. Significant works required to provide reasonable access, tracks closed or impassable.	H	MH
2. Reduce tourism?	Dense stands of scarlet wisteria can decrease…access to the river for fishing, boating and other recreational activities” (SJRPCT undated). Major impact on recreation. Weeds obvious to most visitors, with visitor response complaints and a major reduction in visitors.	H	ML
3. Injurious to people?	“In addition, all parts of the plant, but especially the seeds, are toxic” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “Both leaves and seeds are poisonous to humans and animals” (Weber 2003). “Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). Extremely toxic.	H	M
4. Damage to cultural sites?	“The root system is not very large” (The Nature Conservancy 2005). “Flowers showy, pealike, orange-red, 2-3 cm long, in ± drooping racemes to 8-25 cm long” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). Structural effect unlikely, but showy flowers could be a moderate visual effect.	ML	ML
Abiotic
5. Impact flow?	“The formation of dense thickets in river beds also hampers water flow, particularly during flooding, so that the rivers and streams burst their banks, causing lateral erosion of the water course” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover” (Weber 2003). Serious impacts both to surface and subsurface water flow (e.g. attached emergent aquatics).	H	MH
6. Impact water quality?	“Deciduous shrub…Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover” (Weber 2003). “Dense stands of scarlet wisteria can decrease water flow and quality” (SJRPCT undated). Likely that the soil from erosion will affect light levels in the stream.	ML	M
7. Increase soil erosion?	“The formation of dense thickets in river beds also hampers water flow, particularly during flooding, so that the rivers and streams burst their banks, causing lateral erosion of the water course” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover” (Weber 2003). High probability of large scale soil movement with minor off-site implications.	MH	M
8. Reduce biomass?	“Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks herbaceous cover…up to 4 m tall” (Weber 2003). “Grows to 3-10 feet tall with a 5 foot spread” (Speichert & Speichert 2004). Biomass may slightly increase.	L	ML
9. Change fire regime?	Weed of river banks and wetlands throughout South Africa (Hoffman & Moran 1991). Native to seasonally flood areas of Venezuela (Vinuesa et al. 2005). “Grows in wet soil to water 6 inches deep and tolerates seasonal flooding” (Speichert, Speichert 2004). “Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). “Mainly warm temperate but broad ranging…Salt tolerant…Found in tidal marshes” (PIER 2005). Small or negligible effect on fire risk.	L	ML
Community Habitat
10. Impact on composition (a) high value EVC	EVC = Riparian Forest/Swampy Riparian Woodland (V); CMA =North East; Bioregion =Highlands-Northern Fall; H CLIMATE potential. “This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species… Deciduous shrub… Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover…Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). Major displacement of some dominant species within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	H
(b) medium value EVC	EVC = Riverine Escarpment Scrub (R); CMA =West Gippsland; Bioregion =Highlands- Southern Fall; H CLIMATE potential. “This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species… Deciduous shrub… Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover…Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). Major displacement of some dominant species within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	H
(c) low value EVC	EVC = Wet Forest (LC); CMA =West Gippsland; Bioregion =Highlands- Southern Fall; H CLIMATE potential. “This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species… Deciduous shrub… Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover…Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). Major displacement of some dominant species within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	H
11. Impact on structure?	“This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species… Deciduous shrub… Dense stands impede the flow of water and may increase soil erosion as the soil under canopies of this shrub lacks a herbaceous cover” (Weber 2003). Minor effect on .60% of the layers or major effect on, 60% of the floral strata.	MH	M
12. Effect on threatened flora?	“Many riverine habitats, in particular, remain threatened by this plant” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species and affecting wildlife.” (Weber 2003). Unknown if threatened flora will co-exist within the invaded area.	MH	L
Fauna
13. Effect on threatened fauna?	“Forms solid stands along riverbanks, which displace native vegetation and associated wildlife, and in turn decrease the biodiversity of the riparian area” (SJRPCT undated). “Forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species and affecting wildlife.” (Weber 2003). Unknown if threatened fauna will co-exist within the invaded area.	MH	L
14. Effect on non-threatened fauna?	“Forms solid stands along riverbanks, which displace native vegetation and associated wildlife, and in turn decrease the biodiversity of the riparian area” (SJRPCT undated). “Forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands, excluding native species and affecting wildlife.” (Weber 2003). Reduction in habitat for fauna spp., leading to reduction in numbers of individuals, but not to local extinction.	MH	M
15. Benefits fauna?	“Birds spread the fruits of this small tree or shrub away from urban plantings” (CIPC undated). As few as nine seeds per bird can be fatal…Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). “Incremented in outbreaks of poisoning in domestic fowl and pigeons” (Botha & Penrith 2008). “Forms solid stands along riverbanks, which displace native vegetation and associated wildlife” (SJRPCT undated). May provide minimal food to fauna, but unlikely as it is recorded as toxic. Little support to desirable species.	H	M
16. Injurious to fauna?	“Incremented in outbreaks of poisoning in domestic fowl and pigeons” (Botha & Penrith 2008). “Seeds contain a saponin that is quite toxic to poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. As few as nine seeds per bird can be fatal…Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). “Both leaves and seeds are poisonous to humans and animals” (Weber 2003). Toxic.	H	M
Pest Animal
17. Food source to pests?	“Birds spread the fruits of this small tree or shrub away from urban plantings” (CIPC undated). As few as nine seeds per bird can be fatal…Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). “Incremented in outbreaks of poisoning in domestic fowl and pigeons” (Botha & Penrith 2008). “Forms solid stands along riverbanks, which displace native vegetation and associated wildlife” (SJRPCT undated). May provide minimal food to fauna, but unlikely as it is recorded as toxic.	L	ML
18. Provides harbour?	“Forms solid stands along riverbanks, which displace native vegetation and associated wildlife, and in turn decrease the biodiversity of the riparian area” (SJRPCT undated). Unlikely to provide harbour.	L	ML
Agriculture
19. Impact yield?	Erysiphe pis: and Erysiphe pisi var. pisi are listed as being hosted on Sesbania punicea or its synonyms (Farr & Rossman 2006). “Powdery mildew [Erysiphe pisi] can be a serious disease of peas in Victoria…Sever infections can significantly reduce yield by 10-20%” (Richardson 2008). “Seeds contain a saponin that is quite toxic to poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. As few as nine seeds per bird can be fatal. Sheep can be killed by consuming as little as 50 grams per 100 pounds of body weight...Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). “Reports of poisoning livestock are apparently rare and seldom verified” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “Incremented in outbreaks of poisoning in domestic fowl and pigeons” (Botha & Penrith 2008). Could be a major impact on quantity of produce (e.g. 5-20%).	MH	ML
20. Impact quality?	“In South Africa the plant is also common along roadsides and these infestations may have originated from seeds brought in with seed used for road construction” (Klein 2000). The plant has also become a weed in agricultural, range and forested lands (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “The plant matures in one year and can produce thousands of seeds per year” (SJRPCT undated). May become a contaminant and major impact on quality of produce. (e.g. 5-20%).	MH	ML
21. Affect land value?	“Reports of poisoning livestock are apparently rare and seldom verified… The plant has also become a weed in agricultural, range and forested lands” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “The plant matures in one year and can produce thousands of seeds per year” (SJRPCT undated). “This fast growing…shrub forms dense and impenetrable thickets along riverbanks and in wetlands” (Weber 2003). From reports that is plant is noted as being invasive in agriculture and is potentially fatal to livestock, control is likely to be necessary at some financial cost and could cause a decrease in land value of <10%.	M	ML
22. Change land use?	“Seeds contain a saponin that is quite toxic to poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. As few as nine seeds per bird can be fatal…Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten! All parts of the plant, particularly the seeds, are poisonous to mammals, birds and reptiles” (PIER 2005). Downgrading of the priority land use, to one with either less agricultural return may be necessary if the land was being used for grazing.	MH	ML
23. Increase harvest costs?	“It also reduced soil pH and proved a better source of organic matter than green manure crops based on Sesbania spp.” (Parsons, Cuthbertson 2001). “This fast growing and short-lived, nitrogen-fixing shrub” (Weber 2003). “In South Africa the plant is also common along roadsides and these infestations may have originated from seeds brought in with seed used for road construction” (Klein 2000). To prevent this weed becoming a contaminant, is may be necessary to control it but utilising it as a green manure crop which could require a minor increase in cost of harvesting- e.g. slightly more time or labour is required.	M	ML
24. Disease host/vector?	Armillaria mellea (Root rot): California, Cytospora sp.: California, Erysiphe pisi: South Africa, Erysiphe pisi var. pisi: South Africa, Phomopsis sp.: California, Erysiphe communis: Australia and Oidium sp.: Australia, are all listed as being hosted on Sesbania punicea or its synonyms (Farr & Rossman 2006). “Erysiphe pisi…Normally the disease does not cause serious losses if peas are planted in spring or and early-maturing cultivar is planted…On some cultivars, affected areas may die. All cultivars are dwarfed if infested early. Affected pods of some cultivars…develop small brown to black necrotic spots” (OSUE 2009). “Powdery mildew [Erysiphe pisi] can be a serious disease of peas in Victoria” (Richardson 2008). Host to major and sever disease or pest of important agricultural produce.	H	M

Invasive

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Establishment
1. Germination requirements?	“Seeds are hard-coated and require scarification or decomposition of the seed coat to germinate. After water imbibed, germination can occur at any time when the temperature is 10 -35 C (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). Requires natural seasonal disturbances such as seasonal rainfall, spring/summer temperatures for germination.	MH	MH
2. Establishment requirements?	“Is shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle =n” (PIER 2005). “In the winter rainfall regions… only survives in the proximity of perennial water bodies where there is sufficient moisture for seedlings to survive during the dry summers. In the summer-rainfall regions… less dependent of perennial water” (Hoffman & Moran 1991). Requires more specific requirements to establish e.g. sufficient moisture and light.	ML	MH
3. How much disturbance is required?	Weed of river banks and wetlands throughout South Africa (Hoffman & Moran 1991). Native to seasonally flood areas of Venezuela (Vinuesa et al. 2005). “Grows in wet soil to water 6 inches deep and tolerates seasonal flooding” (Speichert & Speichert 2004). “Invaded habitats: Riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, grassland, disturbed sites” (Weber 2003). “Habitat: Riparian areas, marshes, disturbed moist places, margins of ponds, ditches, and canals” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). “Mainly warm temperate but broad ranging…Salt tolerant…Found in tidal marshes” (PIER 2005). Establishes in relatively intact or only minor disturbed natural ecosystems (e.g. wetlands, riparian, riverine, grasslands).	MH	MH
Growth/Competitive
4. Life form?	“Sesbania punicea (Fabaceae) is and introduced leguminous plant” (Botha & Penrith 2008). Leguminous plant.	MH	MH
5. Allelopathic properties?	“Sisbanimide and extracts made from ground powders of whole Sesbania punicea and S. bispinosa seeds and isolated embryos and testae of S. punicea inhibited the germination of vegetable, grass and weed seeds… This inhibition may partly explain why S. punicea forms dense, uniform stands when invading natural vegetation. There appears to be a strong allelopathic effect expressed by the seed extracts” (Van Staden & Grobbelaar 1995). Major allelopathic properties inhibiting all other plants.	H	H
6. Tolerates herb pressure?	“The reproductive potential of S. punicea has been markedly reduced throughout South Africa by” the weevils Trichapion lativentre (florivorous apionid) and Rhussomatus marginatus, a seed feeder. The stem borer Neodipiogrammus quadrivittatus has killed many large plants after being released as biocontrols (Hoffman & Moran 1991). “Trichapion lativentre (Beguin Billecocq) caused a >98% reduction in seed production of the weed Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. (Fabaceae) in South Africa, but no decline in the density of mature plants (Barratt et al. 2009). Consumed and recovers slowly, Reproduction strongly inhibited by herbivory but is still capable of producing small quantity of seed; weed may still persist.	ML	MH
7. Normal growth rate?	“This fast growing and short-lived” (Weber 2003). Rapid growth rate that will exceed most other species of the same life form.	H	M
8. Stress tolerance to frost, drought, w/logg, sal. etc?	“Grows in wet soil to water 6 inches deep and tolerates seasonal flooding” (Speichert & Speichert 2004). Found along the permitter of brackish and saline marshes (Eleuterius & McDaniel 1978). “Mainly warm temperate but broad ranging…Salt tolerant…Found in tidal marshes… Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire= n [no]” (PIER 2005). “Native to seasonally flooded areas… Flood-tolerant shrubs” (Vinuesa 2005). “Can survive a hard freeze, but probably not ones of more than a few days” (The Nature Conservancy 2005). In the winter rainfall regions… only survives in the proximity of perennial water bodies where there is sufficient moisture for seedlings to survive during the dry summers (Hoffman & Moran 1991). Highly tolerant to water-logging and salinity. Maybe tolerant to frost and fire. Susceptible to drought.	MH	M
Reproduction
9. Reproductive system	“Reproduces by seed” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). “Spreads by seeds or runners” (Speichert & Speichert 2004). Both vegetative and sexual reproduction.	H	M
10. Number of propagules produced?	“A mature tree can produce 100-300 pods per season” (Klein 2000). Each fruit contains 4-10 seeds (Weber 2003). 300 pods x 10 seeds per pod= 3,000 seeds per flowering event. Greater than 2,000.	H	M
11. Propagule longevity?	“Seeds are dispersed by water and remain viable for several years” (Weber 2003). This information is not specific enough.	M	L
12. Reproductive period?	“Plants typically attain reproductive maturity at 2-3 years of age. Individual plants survive for up to 15 years” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). “The plant matures in one year” (SJRPCT undated). Mature plant produces viable propagules for 10 years or more, or species forms self-sustaining monocultures.	H	MH
13. Time to reproductive maturity?	“Plants typically attain reproductive maturity at 2-3 years of age” (DiTomaso & Healy 2003). 2-5 years to reach sexual maturity, or for vegetative propagules to become separate individuals.	ML	MH
Dispersal
14. Number of mechanisms?	“Birds spread the fruits of this small tree or shrub away from urban plantings” (CIPC undated). Bird dispersed seeds.	H	M
15. How far do they disperse?	“Birds spread the fruits of this small tree or shrub away from urban plantings” (CIPC undated). “Seeds are dispersed by water and remain viable for several years” (Weber 2003). Very likely that at least one propagule will disperse greater than one kilometre.	H	M

References

Barratt B.I.P, Howarth F.G, Withers T.M, Kean J.M. and Ridley G.S. (2009) Progress in risk assessment for classical biological control. Biological Control.

Botha CJ, Penrith ML (2008) Poisonous plant of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119, 549-558.

DiTomaso JM and Healy EA. (2003) Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of the West. University of California.

Eleuterius LN, McDaniel S (1978) The salt marsh flora of Mississippi. Castenata 43: 86-95.

Farr D.F, and Rossman A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systemic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA (2006) Available at: http://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/new_allView.cfm?whichone=all&thisName=Sesbania%20punicea&organismtype=Host&fromAllCount=yes (verified 13/08/2009).

Hoffman JH, Moran VC (1991) Biological control of Sesbania punicea (Fabaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37, 157-173.

Klein H. (2000) Sesbania punicea. Available at: http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=11747&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (verified 29/06/2009).

OSUE (Oregon State University Extension) (2009) Pea (Pisum sativum) - Powdery Mildew. Available at: http://ipmnet.org/plant-disease/disease.cfm?RecordID=785 (verified 13/08/2009).

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (2005) Sesbania punicea Risk Assessment Results: High risk, score: 9.5. Available at:
http://www.hear.org/Pier/wra/pacific/sesbania_punicea_htmlwra.htm (verified 25/06/2009).

Parsons W.T. and Cuthbertson E.G. (2001) Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd edition. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.

Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries (within the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation) (2007) Red Sesbania. Available at: http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/dpi/hs.xsl/4790_7346_ENA_HTML.htm (verified 12/08/2009).

Richardson H. (Department of Primary Industries, Victoria) (2008) Powdery Mildew of Field Peas AG0147. Available at:
http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DPI/nreninf.nsf/v/26714780263D3BAFCA25746B0007AE11/$file/Powdery_Mildew_of_Field_Pea.pdf (verified 14/08/2009).

San Joaquin River Parkway and Conservation Trust (SJRPCT) (No date) Conservation: Invasive Species- Sesbania. Available at:
http://www.riverparkway.org/conservationInvasiveSesbania.asp (verified 29/06/2009).

Speichert G, Speichert S (2004) Encylopedia of water garden plants. Timber Press, Portland, Oregan.

The Nature Conservancy (2005) Weed Alert!: Sesbania punicea. Available at: http://www.invasive.org/gist/alert/alrtsesb.html (verified 12/08/2009).

Van Staden J, Grobbelaar N (1995) The effect of sesbanimide and Sesbania seed extracts on germination and seedling growth of a number of plant species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 35, 321-329.

Vinuesa P, Silva C, José Lorite M, Izaguirre-Mayoral ML, Bedmar EJ, Martínez-Romero E (2005) Molecular systematics of rhizobia based on maximum likelihood and byesian phylogenies inferred from rrs, atpD, recA and nifH sequences, and their use in the classification of Sesbania microsymbionts from Venezuelan Wetlands. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 28, 702-716.

Weber E. (2003) Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

Global present distribution data references

Department of the Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth of Australia). (1993 – On-going) Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) http://www.cpbr.gov.au/apni/index.html (verified 24/06/2009).

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2008) Global biodiversity information facility, Available at http://www.gbif.org/ (verified 24/06/2009).

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (2009) Available at http://www.itis.gov/ (verified 24/06/2009).

Missouri Botanical Gardens (MBG) (2009) w³TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical Gardens Database, Available at http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html (verified 24/06/2009).

United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. Taxonomy Query. (2009) Available at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (verified 24/06/2009).

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