Lateflowering thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)

Present distribution

Scientific name:	Eupatorium serotinum Michx.
Common name(s):	lateflowering thoroughwort

This weed is not known to be naturalised in Victoria

Habitat:

This plant is often near sources of water, or where the water table is not far below the land surface (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum found in Mudflant and Wet Forbland sites during wetland mitigation monitoring of La Grange Mitigation Bank, Illinois (Brooks 2009). E. serotinum occurs in Cultivated Managed Fields and Sycamore-Box Elder Floodplain Forest (Kahn et al. 2008). Included in checklist of Cumberland Island National Seashore (Laliberté 1991). Moist or dry, open sites, roadsides; 10–400+ m (eFlora N Am 2007). Occurs in roadsides and glades of Cedars of Lebanon State Forest, Tennessee (Bailey et al. 2003). E. serotinum interdune swales, fields, open forests, powerline rights-of-way, tidal marshes (Weakley 2007). Rapid colonisation of dry, sandy and disturbed soils at various localities (Lamont and Young 2001).

Potential distribution

Potential distribution produced from CLIMATE modelling refined by applying suitable landuse and vegetation type overlays with CMA boundaries

Map Overlays Used

Land Use:
Forestry; pasture dryland; pasture irrigation; water

Ecological Vegetation Divisions
Coastal; swampy scrub; freshwater wetland (permanent); treed swampy wetland; lowland forest; foothills forest; forby forest; damp forest; riparian; wet forest; granitic hillslopes; rocky outcrop shrubland; western plains woodland; basalt grassland; alluvial plains grassland; semi-arid woodland; alluvial plains woodland; ironbark/box; riverine woodland/forest; freshwater wetland (ephemeral); saline wetland; chenopod shrubland; chenopod mallee; hummock-grass mallee; lowan mallee; broombush whipstick

Colours indicate possibility of Eupatorium serotinum infesting these areas.

In the non-coloured areas the plant is unlikely to establish as the climate, soil or landuse is not presently suitable.

Red= Very high	Orange = Medium
Yellow = High	Green = Likely

Impact

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Social
1. Restrict human access?	Found at stream margins (including sandy streams), ponds, and sloughs throughout the study area (Hoagland et al. undated). Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Native Habitat for E. serotinum includes near lakes or ponds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). Low nuisance value. Impedes individual access; unable to walk to waterways.	ML	MH
2. Reduce tourism?	Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Minor effects to aesthetics and/or recreational uses, i.e. aware but not bothered or activity inhibited.	ML	MH
3. Injurious to people?	Pollen from Asteraceae plants are an important cause of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma (ASCIA 2010). Each flowerhead has about 12 disk florets [see photo with multiple flowerheads/plant] (Hilty 2010). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). May cause some physiological issues, e.g. hayfever at certain times of the year.	ML	L
4. Damage to cultural sites?	Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m. Plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). E. serotinum is a pioneering plant and thrives in areas which get cut or mowed on occasion (Tenaglia 2007). Dense stands of this plant may impact on the aesthetics of a cultural site. Moderate visual effect.	ML	MH
Abiotic
5. Impact flow?	Habitats for E. serotinum include moist meadows near rivers, swamps, areas near drainage ditches, low-lying areas along railroads and roadsides. This plant is often near sources of water, or where the water table is not far below the land surface (Hilty 2010). Occurs at stream margins (including sandy streams), ponds, and sloughs (Hoagland et al. undated). Major impact on either surface or subsurface flow.	MH	M
6. Impact water quality?	Habitats for E. serotinum include moist meadows near rivers, swamps, areas near drainage ditches, low-lying areas along railroads and roadsides. This plant is often near sources of water, or where the water table is not far below the land surface (Hilty 2010). Occurs at stream margins (including sandy streams), ponds, and sloughs (Hoagland et al. undated). Noticeable but minor effects in either dissolved O₂ or light levels.	ML	M
7. Increase soil erosion?	Perennial plant to 3-6' tall; root system is fibrous and rhizomatous, often forming colonies by means of these rhizomes (Hilty 2010). Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Low probability of large-scale soil movement or decreases the probability of soil erosion.	L	MH
8. Reduce biomass?	Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Habitat for E. serotinum includes moist black soil prairies, pastures and abandoned fields (Hilty 2010). Native habitat includes prairie, plains, meadows, pastures, savannahs, woodlands edge, opening, near lakes or ponds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). E. serotinum is likely to increase the biomass in many of the habitats where it occurs. Biomass may increase.	L	MH
9. Change fire regime?	Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). No specific mention in literature of change in fire frequency or intensity caused by E. serotinum. Small or negligible effect on fire risk.	L	MH
Community Habitat
10. Impact on composition (a) high value EVC	EVC = Riparian Forest/ Swampy Riparian Woodland (V); CMA =North East; Bioregion = Highlands- Northern Fall; ML CLIMATE potential. A perennial plant 3-6' tall; largely unbranched below, but forms occasional side stems toward the apex. Late Boneset often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). E. serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Major displacement of some dominant spp. within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	MH
(b) medium value EVC	EVC = Montane Rocky Shrubland (R); CMA =East Gippsland; Bioregion =Highlands- Southern Fall; ML CLIMATE potential. A perennial plant 3-6' tall; largely unbranched below, but forms occasional side stems toward the apex. Late Boneset often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). E. serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Major displacement of some dominant spp. within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	MH
(c) low value EVC	EVC = Granitic Hills Woodland (LC); CMA = North East; Bioregion = Victorian Alps; ML CLIMATE potential. A perennial plant 3-6' tall; largely unbranched below, but forms occasional side stems toward the apex. Late Boneset often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). E. serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Major displacement of some dominant spp. within a strata/layer (or some dominant species within different layers).	MH	MH
11. Impact on structure?	A perennial plant 3-6' tall; largely unbranched below, but forms occasional side stems toward the apex. Late Boneset often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). E. serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Minor effect on >60% of the layers or major effect on < 60% of the floral strata.	MH	MH
12. Effect on threatened flora?	Late Boneset often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants (Hilty 2010). For the closely related E. adenophorum, spread of the plant strongly reduced the suitability of affected ecosystems for many representatives of the native [SE Asian] flora and fauna (Sang et al. 2009). The effect of E. serotinum on threatened flora has not yet been fully determined. Any population of Bioregional Priority 1A spp. is reduced, or any population of VROT spp. is replaced.	MH	L
Fauna
13. Effect on threatened fauna?	For the closely related E. adenophorum, spread of the plant strongly reduced the suitability of affected ecosystems for many representatives of the native [SE Asian] flora and fauna (Sang et al. 2009). The effect of E. serotinum on threatened fauna has not yet been fully determined. Reduction in habitat for threatened fauna spp. leading to reduction in numbers of individuals.	MH	L
14. Effect on non-threatened fauna?	For the closely related E. adenophorum, spread of the plant strongly reduced the suitability of affected ecosystems for many representatives of the native [SE Asian] flora and fauna (Sang et al. 2009). The effect of E. serotinum on non-threatened fauna has not yet been fully determined. Reduction in habitat for fauna spp. leading to reduction in numbers of individuals.	MH	L
15. Benefits fauna?	Mammalian herbivores rarely consume this plant because of the bitter foliage, however, the flowers are very popular with many kinds of insects, most of which seek nectar, although bees may collect pollen and beetles may feed (Hilty 2010). Nectar utilised by insects including butterflies, and seeds utilised by granivorous birds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). That the foliage is unpalatable, and the possibility that some of the insects attracted to the flowers may be pest species, it is considered that E. serotinum provides little support to desirable species. Provides some assistance in either food or shelter to desirable species.	MH	M
16. Injurious to fauna?	No references indicating injurious effects to fauna were located. No effect.	L	L
Pest Animal
17. Food source to pests?	The flowers are very popular with many kinds of insects, most of which seek nectar, although bees may collect pollen (Hilty 2010). Nectar utilised by insects including butterflies, and seeds utilised by granivorous birds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). Some of the birds or insects attracted to the flowers may be pest species. Supplies food for one or more minor pest spp.	ML	M
18. Provides harbour?	Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m. Plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps. Mature plants seed prolifically (Holding 2004). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). May provide harbour for minor pest species.	ML	MH
Agriculture
19. Impact yield?	A recognised pest in seed production beds (Midewin 2010). Eupatorium serotinum is one of the principle weed hosts of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the leafminer species attacking celery [in Florida] (Genung 1981). Occurs in overgrazed pastures where it often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants. Mammalian herbivores rarely consume this plant because of the bitter foliage (Hilty 2010). Minor impact on quantity of produce (e.g. <5% reduction).	ML	MH
20. Impact quality?	A recognised pest in seed production beds [therefore contamination may reduce quality] (Midewin 2010). Eupatorium serotinum is one of the principle weed hosts of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the leafminer species attacking celery [in Florida] (Genung 1981). Major impact on quality of produce (e.g. 5−20% reduction).	MH	MH
21. Affect land value?	Occurs in overgrazed pastures where it often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants. Mammalian herbivores rarely consume this plant because of the bitter foliage (Hilty 2010). Occurs in pastures (LBJ Wildflower 2007; Tenaglia 2007). Native habitat includes prairie, plains, meadows, pastures, savannahs, woodlands edge, opening, near lakes or ponds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Pollen from Asteraceae plants are an important cause of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma (ASCIA 2010). Costly to eradicate (see Tomley and Panetta 2002). Considering the habitats that the plant occupies, the potential for rapid/extensive spread, and the cost of eradication, E. serotinum has the potential for major impact on land value in some habitats. Major significance >10%.	H	H
22. Change land use?	Occurs in overgrazed pastures where it often becomes more common because of reduced competition from other plants. Mammalian herbivores rarely consume this plant because of the bitter foliage (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). Occurs in pastures (LBJ Wildflower 2007; Tenaglia 2007). Heavy infestation in grazing pastures may necessitate change to another landuse. Some change, but no serious alteration of either agricultural return.	ML	MH
23. Increase harvest costs?	A recognised pest in seed production beds (Midewin 2010). For the closely related E. adenophorum, 7000−10 000 seeds are produced by each plant (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Eupatorium serotinum is one of the principle weed hosts of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the leafminer species attacking celery [in Florida] (Genung 1981). The necessity to deal with seed infestation or pre-harvest pest management may increase harvest costs. Major increase in time, labour or machinery associated with harvest.	H	H
24. Disease host/vector?	Eupatorium serotinum is one of the principle weed hosts of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the leafminer species attacking celery [in Florida] (Genung 1981). The flowers are very popular with many kinds of insects, most of which seek nectar, although bees may collect pollen and beetles may feed (Hilty 2010). Nectar utilised by insects, and seeds utilised by granivorous birds (LBJ Wildflower 2007). There is a possibility that some of the birds or insects attracted to the flowers may be disease vectors. Host to major and severe disease or pest of important agricultural produce.	H	H

Invasive

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Establishment
1. Germination requirements?	Eupatorium serotinum requires light for germination, but this can be partially overcome by stratification, which also enables low temperature germination. Seed populations consist of several sub-groups that fit germination into a wide array of environmental niches (Barnhill et al. 1983). Several species not recorded in the pre-burn standing vegetation germinated following fire. These species included Eupatorium serotinum (Hutchinson and Sutherland 2000). Late boneset increased significantly after a combination of herbicide application and burning (Oswald et al. 2009). Requires unseasonal or uncommon natural events for germination, e.g. fire.	ML	H
2. Establishment requirements?	Rapidly colonises dry, sandy and disturbed soils at various localities (Lamont and Young 2001). Occurs in moist or dry, open sites, roadsides (eFlora N Am 2007). Native Habitat for E. serotinum is prairie, plains, meadows, pastures, savannahs, woodlands edge, opening, near lakes or ponds; part shade; moist soils (LBJ Wildflower 2007). E. serotinum found in Mudflant and Wet Forbland sites during wetland mitigation monitoring of La Grange Mitigation Bank, Illinois (Brooks 2009). Occurs at stream margins (including sandy streams), ponds, and sloughs (Hoagland et al. undated). Can establish without additional factors.	H	MH
3. How much disturbance is required?	Rapidly colonises dry, sandy and disturbed soils at various localities (Lamont and Young 2001). Occurs in moist or dry, open sites, roadsides (eFlora N Am 2007). Native Habitat for E. serotinum is prairie, plains, meadows, pastures, savannahs, woodlands edge, opening, near lakes or ponds; part shade; moist soils (LBJ Wildflower 2007). E. serotinum found in Mudflant and Wet Forbland sites during wetland mitigation monitoring of La Grange Mitigation Bank, Illinois (Brooks 2009). Occurs at stream margins (including sandy streams), ponds, and sloughs (Hoagland et al. undated). Establishes in relatively intact or only minor disturbed natural ecosystems, e.g. wetlands, riparian, riverine, grasslands or open woodlands.	MH	MH
Growth/Competitive
4. Life form?	Perennial plant is 3-6' tall; root system is fibrous and rhizomatous, often forming colonies by means of these rhizomes (Hilty 2010). Perennial 50–150+ cm. Stems single, sparsely to densely branched distally (eFlora N Am 2007). Eupatorium serotinum is a large robust perennial herb growing to about 2 m; plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Other	L	MH
5. Allelopathic properties?	Leaf extracts of E. adenophorum had very different impacts on C. spinulosa, C. liboensis and C. heterotricha, of which it was the most obvious on C. spinulosa. Seedling growth of C. spinulosa were totally inhibited when aqueous leaf extracts 2.4%, 3.2% and 4.0% (Yuanbo et al. 2007). Eupatorium odoratum has a smothering habit and allelopathic properties (Timbilla et al. 2003). Boiled extracts of Eupatorium adenophorum (E. trapezoideum) reduced Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) germination 10-20% (Angiras et al. 1988). The dominance of Eupatorium riparium Regel, a noxious ruderal weed of family Asteraceae over other plant species in nature has been attributed to its allelopathic effects (Rai and Tripathi 1984). Eupatorium serotinum is known to hybridize with E. perfoliatum (eFlora N Am 2007). The inference is that if other Eupatorium spp. demonstrate allelopathic properties then E. serotinum may. Allelopathic properties seriously affecting some plants.	ML	ML
6. Tolerates herb pressure?	Mammalian herbivores rarely consume this plant because of the bitter foliage (Hilty 2010). Resistance to deer herbivory is high (LBJ Wildflower 2007). The eupatoriums are not palatable; in the South [Ohio] I have observed that animals leave Eupatorium serotinum untouched (Moseley 1906). Favoured by heavy grazing pressure as not eaten by animals.	H	M
7. Normal growth rate?	Mature plants seed prolifically, producing wind dispersed seeds about 12 months after germination (Holding 2004). For the similar plant E. adenophorum (Crofton weed) germinates in light. Seedlings grow rapidly and are fully established and able to regenerate from the crown, if damaged, within 8 weeks of germination. In second-year and older plants, new growth begins with the first major summer rains. Growth rate of seedlings remains high during summer but tapers off in the cooler winter months. Buds appear in late winter, and flowering begins in September (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). The size of this plant is significantly affected by moisture levels (Hilty 2010). No specific information available relating to growth rate. Growth rate equal to same life form.	M	L
8. Stress tolerance to frost, drought, w/logg, sal. etc?	E. serotinum occurs in the Cumberland Island National Seashore, State Park (Laliberté 1991). Several species [including E. serotinum] not recorded in the pre-burn standing vegetation germinated following fire (Hutchinson and Sutherland 2000). Found throughout the study area growing at stream margins, ponds, and sloughs (Hoagland et al. undated). E. serotinum tidal marshes, apparently largely or strictly coastal (Weakley 2007). Highly tolerant of waterlogging and salinity and MAY BE tolerant of another. Susceptible to at least one.	MH	MH
Reproduction
9. Reproductive system	The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous; this plant often forms colonies by means of these rhizomes (Hilty 2010). Propagation material: seeds. Grows by rhizomes (LBJ Wildflower 2007). Plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Eupatorium serotinum includes only sexual, diploid populations. It is known to hybridize with E. perfoliatum (eFlora N Am 2007). Both vegetative and sexual reproduction.	H	MH
10. Number of propagules produced?	Each flowerhead has about 12 disk florets [see photo with multiple flowerheads/plant] (Hilty 2010). Mature plants seed prolifically, producing wind dispersed seeds about 12 months after germination (Holding 2004). Eupatorium serotinum has a wide distribution and is often abundant where it occurs (eFlora N Am 2007). For the closely related E. adenophorum, 7000−10 000 seeds are produced by each plant, of which 15% to 30% are non-viable (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Above 2000.	H	MH
11. Propagule longevity?	Suggestion that seed dispersal and extended seed longevity prolonged eradication efforts (Tomley and Panetta 2002). For the closely related E. adenophorum, there is a constant 20% per year loss of viability of buried seed for the 7000−10 000 seeds produced by each plant, of which 15% to 30% are non-viable (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Greater than 25% of seeds survive 5−10 years in the soil, or lower viability but survive 10−20 years.	ML	L
12. Reproductive period?	E. serotinum is a perennial plant; blooming period occurs during late summer or early fall and lasts about a month (Hilty 2010). E. serotinum is a perennial plant (eFlora N Am 2007). Plants produce rhizomes leading to the formation of clumps (Holding 2004). Mature plant produces viable propagules for 3−10 years.	MH	MH
13. Time to reproductive maturity?	Mature plants seed prolifically, producing wind dispersed seeds about 12 months after germination (Holding 2004). The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous; this plant often forms colonies by means of these rhizomes (Hilty 2010). Reaches maturity and produces viable propagules or vegetative propagules become separate individuals in under a year.	H	H
Dispersal
14. Number of mechanisms?	Mature plants seed prolifically, producing wind dispersed seeds about 12 months after germination (Holding 2004). The root system is fibrous and rhizomatous; this plant often forms colonies by means of these rhizomes (Hilty 2010). Spread of the similar plant E. adenophorum (Crofton weed) is principally by seed because of its pappus of hairs [E. serotinum has pappi of 20–30 bristles 2–2.5 mm (eFlora N Am)]. Main dispersal is by both wind and water. Another important means of spread is its movement as an impurity in agricultural produce, in sand and gravel used for roadmaking and in mud sticking to animals, machinery and other vehicles, as well as footwear and clothing (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Progagules spread mainly by wind, water or attachment to humans, animals or machinery or by accidental human dispersal, e.g. ploughing.	MH	MH
15. How far do they disperse?	Mature plants seed prolifically, producing wind dispersed seeds about 12 months after germination (Holding 2004). Main dispersal is by both wind and water. Another important means of spread is its movement as an impurity in agricultural produce, in sand and gravel used for roadmaking and in mud sticking to animals, machinery and other vehicles, as well as footwear and clothing (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Very likely that at least one propagule will disperse greater than one kilometre.	H	MH

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http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EUSE2 (verified 20 Jan 2010).

Weakley AS. (2007) University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), North Carolina Botanical Garden. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia and surrounding areas. Available at http://www.scopus.com/redirect.url?origin=resultslist&category=ScirusDocumentLink&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.herbarium.unc.edu%2fWeakleysFlora.pdf (verified March 2010).

Yuanbo L, Han X, Lei S and ZhenYu L. (2007) Allelopathic effects of Eupatorium adenophorum on five species of the family Gesneriaceae. Biodiversity Science. 15 (5): 486–491. Available at http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20073233720 (verified Feb 2010).

Global present distribution data references

Australian National Herbarium (ANH) (2010) Australia’s Virtual Herbarium, Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Plant Diversity and Research. Available at http://www.anbg.gov.au/avh/ (verified 8 Feb 2010).

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2010) Global biodiversity information facility, Available at http://www.gbif.org/ (verified 20 Jan 2010).

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (2010) Available at http://www.itis.gov/ (verified 20 Jan 2010).

Missouri Botanical Gardens (MBG) (2010) w³TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical Gardens Database, Available at http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html (verified 20 Jan 2010).

United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. Taxonomy Query. (2009) Available at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (verified 20 Jan 2010).

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