English honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum)

Present distribution

Scientific name:	Lonicera periclymenum L.
Common name(s):	Woodbine honeysuckle; English honeysuckle

This weed is not known to be naturalised in Victoria

Habitat:

A climbing woodland species reported in temperate climates, in Europe it has also been reported as common in fully closed temperate (Beech-birch) forest (Cameron et al 2006; Laskurain et al 2004). Wilman & Riley (1993) also included the species as one of 15 grassland species in a study. Therefore potential invaded habitats may range from grassland to woodland and forest.

Potential distribution

Potential distribution produced from CLIMATE modelling refined by applying suitable landuse and vegetation type overlays with CMA boundaries

Map Overlays Used

Land Use:
Forest private plantation; forest public plantation; pasture dryland; pasture irrigation

Broad vegetation types
Coastal grassy woodland; lowland forest; box ironbark forest; inland slopes woodland; sedge rich woodland; dry foothills forest; moist foothills forest; montane dry woodland; montane moist forest; sub-alpine woodland; grassland; plains grassy woodland; valley grassy forest; herb-rich woodland; sub-alpine grassy woodland; montane grassy woodland; riverine grassy woodland; riparian forest; rainshadow woodland

Colours indicate possibility of Lonicera periclymenum infesting these areas.

In the non-coloured areas the plant is unlikely to establish as the climate, soil or landuse is not presently suitable.

map showing the potentital distribution of english honeysuckle

Red= Very high	Orange = Medium
Yellow = High	Green = Likely

Impact

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Social
1. Restrict human access?	A climbing species; may impede individual access, adding an extra impediment to existing vegetation.	ml	m
2. Reduce tourism?	Ornamental species; may therefore alter aesthetics.	ml	l
3. Injurious to people?	The berries can be poisonous, however few reports exist for the genera, as most species fruit is bitter and a large amount is required to be eaten before symptoms present (Frohne & Pfander 1984).	ml	mh
4. Damage to cultural sites?	Ornamental species; may therefore alter aesthetics.	ml	l
Abiotic
5. Impact flow?	Terrestrial species.	l	m
6. Impact water quality?	Terrestrial species.	l	m
7. Increase soil erosion?	Unknown.	m	l
8. Reduce biomass?	Not reported to significantly suppress growth of vegetation that it grows on therefore as a climbing species it may add biomass.	l	m
9. Change fire regime?	Unknown relationship with fire.	m	l
Community Habitat
10. Impact on composition (a) high value EVC	EVC= Grassy Woodland (E); CMA= Corangamite; Bioreg= Victorian Volcanic Plain; VH CLIMATE Can be a dominant species in the shrub layer (Laskurain et al 2004). There has not been evidence reported that the species causes major displacement.	ml	m
(b) medium value EVC	EVC= Grassy Dry Forest (D); CMA= Corangamite; Bioreg= Victorian Volcanic Plain; VH CLIMATE Can be a dominant species in the shrub layer (Laskurain et al 2004). There has not been evidence reported that the species causes major displacement.	ml	m
(c) low value EVC	EVC= Lowland Forest (LC); CMA= Corangamite; Bioreg= Victorian Volcanic Plain; VH CLIMATE Can be a dominant species in the shrub layer (Laskurain et al 2004). There has not been evidence reported that the species causes major displacement.	ml	m
11. Impact on structure?	Can be a dominant species in the shrub layer (Laskurain et al 2004). There has not been evidence reported that the species causes major displacement.	l	m
12. Effect on threatened flora?	Unknown	mh	l
Fauna
13. Effect on threatened fauna?	Unknown	mh	l
14. Effect on non-threatened fauna?	Unknown, however there is little evidence that this species significantly alters vegetations habitat values.	l	l
15. Benefits fauna?	Visited my many insect species including moths and butterflies, even used as a larval food plant in Europe (Munguira et al 1997). Unknown to what extent Australian species may use the species.	mh	m
16. Injurious to fauna?	No evidence of this has been reported.	l	m
Pest Animal
17. Food source to pests?	Visited by bees (PFAF 2007).	ml	m
18. Provides harbor?	Habitat for rodent species in Europe (Bright & Morris 1990).	ml	mh
Agriculture
19. Impact yield?	Not reported as an agricultural weed, however may be capable of invading some land uses.	l	m
20. Impact quality?	There is no evidence for this.	l	m
21. Affect land value?	There is no evidence for this.	l	m
22. Change land use?	There is no evidence for this.	l	m
23. Increase harvest costs?	May require some extra maintenance in forestry.	m	l
24. Disease host/vector?	It is impact by the Honeysuckle latent virus (Brunt, Phillips & Thomas 1980). However there is no evidence that this is a disease of any crop species.	l	m

Invasive

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Establishment
1. Germination requirements?	Stored seed requires cold stratification (PFAF 2007). This may be to simulate a winter period; therefore probably seeds require seasonal disturbances.	mh	m
2. Establishment requirements?	Can grow in full shade, however this can limit flowering and in a study in closed forest no seedlings were found to emerge (Laskurain et al 2004). The species optimal distribution has been reported as secondary forest (Grahof-Bokdam & Geertsema 1998). Therefore can tolerate deeper shade as persist but probably requires lighter conditions to establish.	mh	mh
3. How much disturbance is required?	The species optimal distribution has been reported as secondary forest (Grahof-Bokdam & Geertsema 1998). Reported in open woodland (Munguira et al 1997).	mh	mh
Growth/Competitive
4. Life form?	Vine (During, Kwant & Weger 1994).	ml	h
5. Allelopathic properties?	No evidence reported for this species however allelopathy may occur in other Lonicera species.	m	l
6. Tolerates herb pressure?	Can tolerate grazing by deer (Gonzalez-Hernandez & Silvo-Pando 1999). Used in a study of nutritive value of grassland species where it yielded well	mh	h
7. Normal growth rate?	Reported to be a dominant species (Laskurain et al 2004). Therefore competitive. Reported to have excessive growth under suitable conditions as a potted plant (Cameron et al 2006). Described to have a medium growth rate (PFAF 2007). Compared with L. xylosteum it was found to grow faster length wise but not in the accumulation of biomass however L. xylosteum is a shrub species while L. periclymenum is a climber (During, Kwant & Weger 1994).	mh	mh
8. Stress tolerance to frost, drought, w/logg, sal. etc?	Drought tolerant (Cameron et al 2006). Frost tolerant (PFAF 2007).	mh	m
Reproduction
9. Reproductive system	Can flower and set seed as well as spread vegetatively (Grashof-Bokdam, Jansen & Smulders 1998).	h	h
10. Number of propagules produced?	Flowering can vary with level of shade (Laskurain et al 2004). Unknown how many propagules are produced.	m	l
11. Propagule longevity?	Unknown	m	l
12. Reproductive period?	Described as having a long life span (Grashof-Bokdam, Jansen & Smulders 1998). Presumed that means greater than 10 years.	h	mh
13. Time to reproductive maturity?	Unknown, probably capable of vegetative reproduction earlier than sexual.	m	l
Dispersal
14. Number of mechanisms?	Dispersal method is endozoochorous & ornithochorous, dispersed internally by animals and birds (Butaye, Jacquemyn & Hermy 2001).	h	h
15. How far do they disperse?	It has been predicted to have a greater than 20% probability of colonising a patch 1000m from the nearest seed source (Grahof-Bokdam & Geertsema 1998). In a fragmented landscape dispersal of 248m was found to be quite likely, with the occasional dispersal of 1885m possible (Grashof-Bokdam, Jansen & Smulders 1998). These reports have been calculated for colonisation between patches and it is quite possible for dispersal to occur at distances greater than 1km.	h	mh

References

Bright P.W. & Morris P.A., 1990, Habitat requirements of Dormice Muscardinus avellanarius in relation to woodland management in Southwest England. Biological Conservation. 54: 307-326.

Brunt A.A., Phillips S. & Thomas B.J., 1980, Honeysuckle latent virus, a carlavirus infecting Lonicera periclymenum ana L. japonica. Acta Horticulturae. 110: 205-210.

Butaye J., Jacquemyn H. & Hermy M., 2001, Differential colonization causing non-random forest plant community structure in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Ecography. 24: 369-380.

Cameron R.W.F., Harrison-Murray R.S., Atkinson C.J. & Judd H.L., 2006, Regulated deficit irrigation – a means to control growth in woody ornamentals. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology. 81: 435-443.

During H.J., Kwant R.A. & Weger M.J.A., 1994, Effects of light quantity on above-ground biomass investment patterns in the vine Lonicera periclymenum and the shrub Lonicera xylosteum. Phytocoenologia. 24: 597-607.

Frohne D. & Pfander H.J., 1984, A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists and Biologists. Wolfe Science.

Gonzalez-Hernandez M.P. & Silvo-Pando F.J., 1999, Nutritional attributes of understory plants known as components of deer diets. Journal of Range Management. 52: 132-138.

Grahof-Bokdam C.J. & Geertsema W., 1998, The effect of isolation and history on colonization patterns of plant species in secondary woodland. Journal of Biogeography. 25: 837-846.

Grashof-Bokdam C.J., Jansen J. & Smulders M.J.M., 1998, Dispersal patterns of Lonicera periclymenum determined by genetic analysis. Molecular Ecology. 7: 165-174.

Laskurain N.A., Escudero A., Olano J.M. & Loidi J., 2004, Seedling dynamics of shrubs in a fully closed temperate forest: greater than expected. Ecography. 27: 650-658.

Munguira M.L., Matin J., Garcia-Barros E. & Viejo J.L., 1997, Use of space and resources in a Mediterranean population of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Acta Ecologia. 18: 597-612.

PFAF: Plants for a Future. Edible, medicinal and useful plants for a healthier world. viewed 5 Feb 2007, http://pfaf.org/

Wilman D. & Riley J.A., 1993, Potential nutritive value of a wide range of grassland species. Journal of Agricultural Science. 120: 43-49.

Global present distribution data references

Den virtuella floran (DVF) 2007, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, viewed 31 Jan 2007, http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2007, Global biodiversity information facility: Prototype data portal, viewed 15 Jan 2007, http://www.gbif.org/

Laskurain N.A., Escudero A., Olano J.M. & Loidi J., 2004, Seedling dynamics of shrubs in a fully closed temperate forest: greater than expected. Ecography. 27: 650-658.

Missouri Botanical Gardens (MBG) 2007, w³TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical Gardens Database, viewed 15 Jan 2007, http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html

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