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Invasiveness Assessment - Stemless thistle (Onopordum acaulon) in Victoria (Nox)

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Plant invasiveness is determined by evaluating a plant’s biological and ecological characteristics against criteria that encompass establishment requirements, growth rate and competitive ability, methods of reproduction, and dispersal mechanisms.

Each characteristic, or criterion, is assessed against a list of intensity ratings. Depending upon information found, a rating of Low, Medium Low, Medium High or High is assigned to that criterion. Where no data is available to answer a criterion, a rating of medium (M) is applied. A description of the invasiveness criteria and intensity ratings used in this process can be viewed here.

The following table provides information on the invasiveness of Stemless thistle.

A more detailed description of the methodology of the Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method can be viewed below:

Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method (PDF - 630 KB)
Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method (DOC - 1026 KB)
To view the information PDF requires the use of a PDF reader. This can be installed for free from the Adobe website (external link).

Common Name: Stemless thistle
Scientific name: Onopordum acaulon

Question
Comments
Reference
Rating
Establishment
Germination requirements?Seeds germinate after autumn rains.
P & C (1992)
MH
Establishment requirements?Only known to establish in ‘open’ habitats. (See pic. P & C 1992 p. 220).
P & C (1992)
ML
How much disturbance is required?An environmental weed (of ‘serious’ risk) in ‘Mallee shrubland’ and ‘lowland grassland and grassy woodland’. Also established in crops and pastures.
Carr et al (1992)
P & C (1992)
MH
Growth/Competitive
Life form?Prostrate annual or biennial herb.

Other.
P & C (1992)
L
Allelopathic properties?None described.
L
Tolerates herb pressure?Rarely eaten by stock.
P & C (1992)
MH
Normal growth rate?Reduces the carrying capacity of pastures so assumed to be at least = other herbaceous species. Also described as a ‘rapid spreader which can quickly take over in pasture or crops and seriously reduce production’. (Blood nd).
APB (1987)
MH
Stress tolerance to frost, drought, w/logg, sal. etc?Tolerant of drought (occurs in Africa, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia).
GRIN (2000)
L
Reproduction
Reproductive systemReproducing by seed.
P & C (1992)
ML
Number of propagules produced?
P & C (1992)
APB (1987)
MH
Propagule longevity? 8 flower heads per plant x 150 seeds per head = 1,200 seeds per plant.
(Estimate based on pic. and descriptions),
P & C (1992)
M
Reproductive period?Reproductive period = 1 year for annual species or 1-2 years for biennial species.
P & C (1992)
ML
Time to reproductive maturity?Annual (sometimes biennial). < 1 year.
P & C (1992)
H
Dispersal
Number of mechanisms?Seeds – prevailing winds, contaminate agricultural produce, vehicles, animals, etc. and water. Also, birds (not mentioned in published material), and in hay, silage, chaff and commercial seed (Anon.).
P & C (1992)
MH
How far do they disperse?“The seeds are well adapted for wind disperse with a large feathery pappus”. In Victoria the spread of the plant has clearly been with prevailing wind, therefore wind assumed capable of spreading seed > 200 m. Other mechanisms could also disperse seed > 200 m.
APB (1987)
P & C (1992)
MH


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