PPW7

Location: Werribee - Research Farm
Aust. Soil Class.: Endocalcerous-Endohypersodic, Epipedal, Aquic (Brown) VERTOSOL
Northcote Factual Key:Ug 5.24
Great Soil Group: brown clay (of grey, brown and red clay group)
Previous Soil Type (Skene 1954): Sunrise clay loam
Maher and Martin (1979) map unit: 7
General Landscape Description: Level plain.
Site Description: Agroforestry reserve
Geology: Quaternary alluvial (prior stream) and aeolian deposits.

WP4 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology

Surface Soil			PPW7 Profile
A1	0-20 cm	Brown (7.5YR4/4); light medium clay; strong very coarse subangular blocky, parting to medium-strong coarse blocky structure; surface cracks; pH 6.4; clear change to:
Subsoil
B21	20-40 cm	Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4) with many yellowish red (5YR5/6) mottles; medium heavy clay; strong coarse-medium subangular blocky structure; pH 7.4:
B22	40-60 cm	Strong brown (7.5YR5/6); heavy clay; strong coarse blocky structure; slickensides present; pH 8.6; clear change to:
B23k	60-90 cm	Light brownish grey (2.5Y6/2) with strong brown (7.5YR4/6) mottles common; medium heavy clay; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; few (5%) fine semi-hard calcareous nodules (1-3 mm size); pH 9.0; gradual change to:
B24k	90-140 cm	Light brownish grey (2.5Y6/2) with weak red (2.5YR6/4) diffuse mottles; strong very fine lenticular structure (in patches); few (5%) fine calcareous nodules (1-2 mm); some manganese staining; pH 9.1.

Key Profile Features

• Clay texture throughout soil profile.
• Significant profile cracking when dry (with surface cracking).
• Vertic properties in subsoil (i.e. slickensides and lenticular structure).

Soil Profile Characteristics

	pH	Salinity Rating	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	Slightly Acid	Very Low	Non-Sodic	None1
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	Strongly Alkaline	Low	Sodic	Moderate-Strong1
Deeper subsoil (at 90-140 cm)	Very Strongly Alkaline	High	Strongly Sodic	Strong
1Strong to complete dispersion after remoulding

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH (water)	pH CaCl2	EC dS/m	NaCl %	Exchangeable Cations				Ex Al mg/kg	Ex Ac meq/100g	Field pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02mm)	Clay (<0.002mm)
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						meq/100g
A1	0-20	6.4	5.7	0.12		7.9	2.4	2.0	0.51	<10	7.0	28.0	7.9	8	39	20	30
B21	20-40	7.4	6.6	0.14		11	6.1	2.3	1.7		5.7	36.2	18.8	3	26	20	48
B22	40-60	8.6	8.0	0.43	0.02	12	18	3.6	5.6			59.1	29.3	2	17	24	58
B23k	60-90	9.0	8.6	1.0	0.02	8.3	24	3.2	11			63.9	29.7	1	17	36	45
B24k	90-140	9.1	8.6	1.3	0.04	5.9	21	2.4	15			65.5	30.5

	<2µm Clay Mineralogy
Horizon	Depth cm	Quartz	Mica/Illite	Kaolin	Goethite	Orthclase	Smectite
B21	20-40	8	35	41	3	<1	12
B24k	90-140	9	17	14	-	<1	60

2µm Cation Exchange Capacity
Horizon	Depth cm	SiO2 %	Al2O3 %	MgO %	P2O5 %	K2O %	TiO2 %	MnO %	Fe2O3 %	BaO %	Sum %	CEC cmol/kg
B21	20-40	47.2	22.8	1.2	0.3	2.6	1.2	0.0	9.1	3.2	87.7	43
B24k	90-140	54.0	20.1	1.6	3.2	2.1	1.2	0.0	8.8	4.6	92.6	61

Management Considerations:

Whole Profile

• The soil profile displays strong vertic features (i.e. cracking, slickensides, lenticular peds). This indicates that significant shrinking and swelling occurs during wetting and drying cycles. This may disturb the roots of some plants and has engineering implications (e.g. disturbance to fencelines and buildings).
• In wet years, much of the lower soil profile is likely to be saturated. The grey subsoil indicates reduced conditions.

Surface (A) Horizons

• Disturbance of clayey soils like these should be avoided if the soil is wet (i.e. wetter than the plastic limit). At such moisture conditions, excessive tillage, trafficking or over-stocking could result in soil structural damage (e.g. compaction). Ideally, activities such as these should only take place on clay soils when the soil is drier than the plastic limit – down to at least the tillage depth.
• The surface soil disperses strongly to completely after remoulding. This indicates that excessive cultivation or over-stocking when the soil is moist-wet may lead to structural degradation (e.g. surface crusting, exacerbated hardsetting). Bare soil is also likely to suffer damage from raindrop action.

Subsoil (B) Horizons

• The dense and coarsely structured subsoil is strongly sodic and dispersive. This indicates that root and water movement into the subsoil will be restricted.
• The level of soluble salts from 60 cm depth may restrict the growth of deeper-rooted salt sensitive species.
• The subsoil is strongly to very strongly alkaline throughout. This indicates that phosphorus and some trace elements (such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc) may be poorly available to plants. Deficiencies should be determined by plant tissue analysis.

Notes
Soil profile described by Mark Imhof and Siggy Engleitner (30 April, 2004).