LP45

LP45 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology

Surface Soil

A1	0-10 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3); light medium clay; surface crusting; moderate coarse blocky structure; very firm consistence dry; pH 6.5; abrupt change to:	LP45 Profile
Subsoil
B21	10-20 cm	Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); medium heavy clay; strong fine polyhedral structure; strong consistence dry; pH 8.0; clear change to:
B22	20-45 cm	Brown (10YR5/3) and yellowish brown (10YR5/4); medium clay; strong coarse blocky, parting to moderate medium polyhedral structure; firm consistence moist; pH 8.7; clear change to:
B23k	45-65 cm	Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4); medium clay; strong coarse to medium polyhedral structure; contains few (10%) calcareous nodules; strong consistence moist; pH 9.0; gradual change to:
B31	65-100 cm	Pale brown (10YR6/3); medium clay; strong medium polyhedral, parting to strong fine polyhedral structure; contains a few (2-5%) calcareous nodules (with silica) and a few (<5%) gypsum crystals in pockets as well as manganese stains; very firm consistence moist; pH 8.1; gradual change to:
B32	100+ cm	Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4); medium clay; strong medium polyhedral structure; small slickensides present; strong consistence moist; pH 8.3.
Note: This soil corresponds partly to Kerang Clay as described by Skene (1971).

• Clay texture throughout the profile.
• Soil profile cracks when dry (with surface cracking)
• Slickensides evident at depth.
  

	pH	Salinity Rating	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	slightly acid	low	nearly sodic	none1
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	moderately alkaline	very low	sodic	strong
Deeper subsoil (1 m)	moderately alkaline	medium - high	strongly sodic	-
1 Strong dispersion after remoulding.

Horizon	Horizon Depth	pH (water)	EC 1:5	NaCl	Exchangeable Cations
					Ca	Mg	K	Na
					meq/100g
A1	1-10	6.5	0.13		8.2	4.4	1.1	0.7
B21	1-20	8	0.16		11	8.2	1.5	3
B22	20-45	8.7	0.38	<0.05	11	9.1	1.3	5.5
B23K	45-65	9	0.7	0.06	9.3	10	1.4	7.3
B31	65-100	8.1	2.65	0.12	10	9.3	1.5	9.3
B32	100+	8.3	2.4	0.17	8	13	1.4	11

Horizon	Horizon Depth	Ex Al mg/kg	Ex Ac meq/100g	Field pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02mm)	Clay (<0.002mm)
A1	1-10			26.3	17.2	7	30	15	45
B21	1-20			39.5	27.4	4	16	11	66
B22	20-45
B23K	45-65
B31	65-100
B32	100+

• In general, management strategies for all soils should aim to increase organic matter levels in the surface soil; minimise the degradation of soil aggregates and porosity; promote the development of stable biopores; improve the calcium status of the ion exchange complex (particularly when sodium is a significant part), and break up any hardpans. Less frequent tillage; using less aggressive implements, and working the soil at optimum moisture conditions can all assist in maintaining soil aggregation and porosity as well as reducing the breakdown of organic matter.

• The surface soil disperses strongly after remoulding. This suggests that this horizon could disperse and develop surface crusting and exacerbated cloddiness if cultivated or over-stocked in a moist condition. Gypsum may be beneficial for soils such as these – a gypsum responsiveness test of the whole paddock would be useful to ascertain this. The surface soil at this site displays some surface crusting.
• Tillage of clayey soils like these should be avoided if the soil is wet (i.e. wetter than the plastic limit). At such moisture conditions, excessive tillage, trafficking or over-stocking could result in some structural damage (e.g. compaction). Ideally, tillage should take place on clayey soils when the soil is drier than the plastic limit – down to at least the tillage depth.
• The relatively high wilting point value (17%) for the surface soil means that plants will not be able to fully utilise light rains falling on relatively dry soil as there will be insufficient moisture to wet the soil above the wilting point value.

• The upper subsoil is sodic and disperses strongly. This is likely to restrict water and plant root movement into the subsoil. The presence of some sporadic bleaching above the subsoil indicates that periodic waterlogging occurs at this site.
• The subsoil is strongly alkaline from a depth of 20 cm. This indicates that phosphorus and some trace elements such as iron, manganese, zinc and copper may be poorly available to plants and deficiencies may occur. Deficiencies can be determined by plant tissue analysis. Boron toxicity can also occur in strongly alkaline soils.
• The level of soluble salts becomes high at 1 metre depth. This is likely to restrict the growth of deeper-rooted salt-sensitive species.

• Gypsum has not been used for 6 years.
• Crabholey (gilgai) country exits in the lower lying areas.