LS5

Location: Diapur Ridge

Australian Soil Classification: Calcic, Mesonatric, Brown SODOSOL

Northcote Factual Key: Db 1.33
Great Soil Group: solonetz

General Landscape Description: Flat minor ledge on NNW/SSE trending ridge.

LS5 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology:

Surface Soil

A1	0-10 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3); fine sandy clay loam; weakly structured but fractures into platy fragments (caused by cultivation); firm consistence dry; pH 6.4:	LS5 Profile
A2	10-20 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3); sporadically bleached sandy loam; massive structure; very strong consistence dry; pH 7.4; sharp and wavy change to:
Subsoil
B21	20-40 cm	Dark brown (10YR4/3); medium clay; moderate prismatic, parting to strong blocky structure; very strong consistence dry; pH 8.7:
B22	40-65 cm	Brown (10YR5/3); medium heavy clay; strong prismatic, parting to strong blocky structure; very strong consistence dry; pH 8.9:
B23	65-100 cm	Yellowish red (5YR4/6); heavy clay; strong prismatic, parting to strong blocky structure; contains few (5 - 10%) soft carbonate segregations as well as very few ironstone nodules; pH 9.1.

Key Profile Features:

• Texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B21) horizons.
• Hardsetting surface soil.

Soil Profile Characteristics:

-	pH	Salinity	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	Slightly acid	Very Low	Non-Sodic	Slaking, No Dispersion 1
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	Strongly alkaline	Very Low	Strongly Sodic	Slight
Deeper Subsoil (at 1 metre)	Very Strongly Alkaline	High	Strongly Sodic	Complete

¹ Moderate dispersion after remoulding.

The surface soil is slightly acid. The subsoil is strongly alkaline becoming very strongly alkaline with depth.

The salinity rating is very low in the surface and upper subsoil becoming high with depth.

The surface is non-sodic. The subsoil is strongly sodic.

Chemical and Physical Analysis:

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH (water)	pH (CaCl2)	EC dS/m	Sodium Chloride %	Exchangeable Cations
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						meq/100g
A1	0.10	6.4	5.6	0.08		7.8	2.2	0.6	0.2
A2	10-20	7.4	6.1	0.05		5.1	1.8	0.3	0.7
B21	20-40	8.7	7.5	0.19		8.0	6.6	0.6	3.7
B22	40-65	8.9	8.0	0.44		7.5	8.2	0.9	5.6
B23	65-100	9.1	8.7	0.98	0.13	6.7	11.7	1.2	11.3
B24	100-150	9.4	8.7	1.04	0.17	5.1	8.3	0.9	9.5
B25	150+	9.2	8.6	1.07	0.19	6.1	9.6	0.9	8.5

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	Oxidisable Organic Carbon %	Total Nitrogen %	Field Capacity pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0 mm) %	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2 mm) %	Silt (0.002-0.02 mm) %	Clay (<0.002 mm) %
A1	0.10	1.6	0.13	16.6	9.2
A2	10-20	0.6	<0.05	12.8	7.3	33	42	9	13
B21	20-40			31.8	21.1
B22	40-65
B23	65-100
B24	100-150
B25	150+

Management Considerations:

Surface (A) Horizons

• When dry the surface soil will set hard and become difficult to work.

• The surface soil may disperse after mechanical shearing during cultivation or by trampling of stock when in a moist to wet condition (as indicated by moderate dispersion after remoulding of aggregates). This would result in a surface soil structure deterioration; restricting seedling emergence and water infiltration. Raindrop action on bare soil can also have a deleterious effect on soil structure, so maintaining surface cover is important.

• Maintaining soil organic matter will assist in the stabilisation of surface soil aggregates against slaking. Practices such as residue retention, minimum tillage and including pasture rotations should be utilised if cropping occurs.

• The surface soil has a moderate inherent fertility (based on the sum of the basic exchangeable cations). Improving organic matter levels will assist in enhancing surface soil fertility and water holding capacity.

Subsoil (B) Horizons

• The strongly sodic subsoil is likely to restrict water and root movement down the profile. The sporadic bleach above the subsoil indicates that water movement is being restricted and that periodic waterlogging occurs. Some researchers have advocated deep ripping with gypsum application as an ameliorative technique for sodic subsoils. A test strip could be used to assess likely benefits.

• A medium to high level of soluble salts occur from a depth of 65 cm down the profile. This is likely to restrict the growth of salt sensitive species.

• The subsoil is very strongly alkaline which indicates that nutrients such as iron, manganese, copper and zinc may be poorly available to plants. Plant tissue analysis can be used to determine deficiencies.

Profile Described By: Mark Imhof, John Martin, Sonia Thompson (May 1994).