GP56 wg

Location: Kernot	Australian Soil Classification: Bleached, Mesotrophic, Brown Kurosol (thick sandy surface horizons).
Geology: Tertiary sediments.	General Landscape Description: Crest of hillslope (6% slope) in a low rolling hills landscape.
Soil Mapping Unit: Nyora with Gurdies. Note: This soil most closely represents soils that occur in the Gurdies mapping unit.	Native Vegetation: Original vegetation includes messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) and peppermint.

Site GP56 Landscape looking south-east. The Bass Fault can be seen in the background.

Soil Profile Morphology:

Surface Soil

A1	0-15 cm	Very dark grey (10YR3/1); loamy sand (organic); firm surface condition; weakly structure; weak consistence dry; pH 4.7; clear change to:	Site GP56 Profile
A21	15-40 cm	Brown (7.5YR5/2); conspicuously bleached (7.5YR7/2d); loamy sand; massive; very weak consistence dry; pH 5.0; clear and wavy change to:
A22	40-55 cm	Brown (7.5YR5/2); conspicuously bleached (7.5YR7/2d); loamy sand; massive; very firm consistence dry; patches of cemented sand present; pH 5.0; abrupt change to:
Subsoil
B21	55-90 cm	Brown (7.5YR4/4); sandy clay loam; massive; firm consistence dry; contains a few (10%) subrounded iron concretions (40 mm in size), as well as a few (2-10%) sandstone fragments (2-6 mm in size) in gravel patches cemented by iron; pH 5.1; clear change to:
B22	90+ cm	Dark red (2.5YR4/6) with reddish yellow (7.5YR6/8) and pinkish grey (7.5YR7/2) mottles; very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2) (with organic stains down root channels); coarse sandy clay loam; moderate coarse polyhedral structure; sandstone (2-6 mm in size) gravel common (15-20%) in patches; pH 5.3.

Key Profile Features:

• Thick sandy surface horizons (to 55 cm depth).
• Conspicuously bleached subsurface (A2) horizons.
• Strong texture contrast between sandy surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B21) horizon.

Soil Profile Characteristics:

	pH	Salinity Rating	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	Very Strongly Acid	Very Low	Non-Sodic	none
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	Strongly Acid	Very Low	Non-Sodic	none
Deeper subsoil (at 1 m)	Strongly Acid	Very Low	Non-Sodic	none

	The surface soil is very strongly acid. The subsoil is strongly acid throughout.		The exchangeable aluminium levels are low in the surface soil but become high in the upper subsoil (B21).
	The salinity rating is very low throughout the profile.		The clay content increases abruptly at the A/B boundary.

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH water	pH CaCl2	EC 1:5	Exchangeable Cations				Ex. Al mg/kg	Ex. Acidity meq/100 g	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2 - 2.0 mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2 mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02 mm)	Clay (<0.002 mm)
					Ca	Mg	K	Na
					meq/100 g
A1	0-15	4.7	3.6	<0.05	2.1	0.8	0.11	0.14	21	12	4.8	33	48	13	2
A21	15-40	5	3.9	<0.05	0.66	0.14	<0.05	0.06	<10	2.7	1.3	34	49	12	3
A22	40-55	5	4.1	<0.05	0.4	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	<10	1.5	1.2	31	47	15	5
B21	55-90	5.1	4.2	<0.05	1	0.54	0.28	0.13	150	11	10	41	24	7	26
B22	90+	5.3	4.4	<0.05	1.7	2.6	0.36	0.17	57	8.1	11.7	60	7	3	29

Management Considerations:

Whole Profile

• The soil profile ranges from very strongly acid in the surface to strongly acid in the subsoil. As a result, deficiencies in molybdenum, potassium and phosphorus may occur. Manganese toxicity may also occur in strongly acid soils, particularly when poorly drained (as waterlogging may bring manganese into solution). Levels of exchangeable aluminium measured are not high within the sandy surface soil (i.e. 21 mg/kg) but does increase in the subsoil. A pH/aluminium test sampled across the paddock may be appropriate to determine whether lime is needed to raise soil pH. However, other factors need to be considered before lime is recommended (e.g. pasture species grown, method of application, local trial responses, soil surface structure and likely cost/benefit).

Surface (A) Horizons

• The inherent fertility of the surface (A1) horizon (based on the sum of the exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium cations) is very low. Organic matter is important for improving soil fertility, water holding capacity and enhancing surface soil structure on soils such as these.

• The sandy A horizons have a very low water holding capacity. The low wilting point (5%) of the surface (A1) horizon indicates that plants will be able to utilise very light rains when the soil is dry. However, due to the low water storage capacity, plants will soon suffer moisture stress unless further rainfall occurs.

Subsoil (B) Horizons

• The subsoil is strongly acid. The exchangeable aluminium levels are quite high (150 mg/kg) but will affect only deeper-rooted aluminium sensitive species (> 55 cm depth).

• The subsoil has a very low inherent fertility (based on the sum of the exchangeable basic cations).

Profile Described By: Mark Imhof, David Rees and Ian Sargeant (12/03/1998).