Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay

Symbol: Kp

Geology - Recent lacustrine (lake or swamp) deposits.

Landform - Lacustrine plain.

Soils

Goudie (1942) defines three phases of this soil type: normal phase, burnt peat phase and the deep peat phase. He mapped two of these, the normal phase (which includes the burnt phase) and the deep peat phase. The normal phase has a peaty clay surface layer about 9 inches (230 mm) thick overlying a gritty clay. The deep peat phase has an additional peat layer up to 12 inches (300 mm) thick below the peaty clay surface.

During the course of this survey all of these phases were found but they could not be mapped separately. The depth of surface soil in the normal phase was found to be slightly deeper than that reported by Goudie and generally was between 250 and 400 mm deep. Only small scattered occurrences of the other two phases were found.

The main type, Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay, has about 300 mm of dark greyish brown to dark brown loam or light clay surface soil with high amounts of peat or organic matter. This peat, which was originally deeper, accumulated in the marshes and lagoons fed by slow-moving water. Since drainage, much peat has disappeared through shrinkage, consolidation, burning and blowing.

Below the peat layer, dominantly dark grey medium or heavy clays occur, passing at about 500 mm to mottled paler grey and yellow-brown mottled medium to heavy clays. Clays continue to at least 1.8 m. Variable amounts of gritty sand to gravel may occur throughout the soil profile.

These soils can usually be referred to as Humose-Acidic, Eutrophic, Grey DERMOSOLS using the Australian Soil Classification. Soil site information is available for Soil Pit Sites GP26 and GP28.

Typical profile of Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay

0 - 300 mm. Grey-brown to brownish grey peaty clay, clear transition to:

300 - 500 mm. Dark grey gritty clay*, diffuse transition to:

500 - 900 mm. Grey mottled with yellow-brown gritty clay*, diffuse transition to:

900 mm continuing to 1000 mm +. Grey or pale grey mottled with yellow-brown gritty clay*.

*Grittiness varies considerably.

Land use

The peaty clay soils are used for improved pastures and cropping, generally potatoes. Increasing areas are being planted to asparagus. Pastures and green manure crops such as oats, rye corn and lupins are used to maintain organic matter levels between potato crops. There has been an increasing trend towards planting successive potato crops followed by a ley period of several years. Maintenance of organic matter is essential for the long-term agricultural viability of Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay.

Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay with sandy ridges

Symbol: Kp/sr

Much of the area is mapped as Koo-Wee-Rup peaty clay with sandy ridges.

These sandy ridges are the remnants of the beds and levees of streams that flowed from the Eastern Highlands. The highlands immediately to the north are mainly comprised of weathering granodiorite which provided the source of the gravel, sand, silt and clay deposited within the swamp. When the swamp was drained and the streams confined to well defined drains, sediment deposition within the swamp, including the sands and gravels, ceased and now occurs within the drains and in Westernport Bay. Some gravel extraction from the drains is carried out.

Areas on the soil map inscribed with Kp/sr (ie. with "with sandy ridges") indicate that more than 20% of the area is comprised of gravelly to sandy soils. The sand and gravel throughout the soil profile is quite angular. The sand fraction may contain variable proportions of fine sand, coarse sand or gravel. In general, coarse sand and gravel predominates in the north-east of this region and fine sand in the south-west. This is because the coarser fraction tended to be deposited closer to the sand source.

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