Beach creeping oxeye (Pascalia glauca)

Present distribution

Scientific name:	Pascalia glauca (Ortega)
Common name(s):	beach creeping oxeye

Map showing the present distribution of this weed.

Habitat:

Low wet places (eFloras 2009), Typically found at an altitude of 0-176 m (ZCDO 2009); Disturbed habitats (Conquist 2001). Grass and crops
(DOANSW 1935); Frost tender and extreme heat sensitive (EUGA 2009; Found as weed of wheat crops (DOANSW 1935).

Potential distribution

Potential distribution produced from CLIMATE modelling refined by applying suitable landuse and vegetation type overlays with CMA boundaries

Map Overlays Used

Land Use:
Broadacre cropping; horticulture perennial; horticulture seasonal; pasture irrigation

Ecological Vegetation Divisions
Swampy scrub; freshwater wetland (permanent); treed swampy wetland; forby forest; damp forest; riparian; wet forest; rainforest; riverine woodland/forest; freshwater wetland (ephemeral)

Colours indicate possibility of Pascalia glauca infesting these areas.

In the non-coloured areas the plant is unlikely to establish as the climate, soil or landuse is not presently suitable.

map showing the potential distribution of pascalia flauca

Red= Very high	Orange = Medium
Yellow = High	Green = Likely

Impact

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Social
1. Restrict human access?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). Low, wet places (Efloras 2009). May restrict access to wetland areas, but no mention in literature of it growing on river banks etc. Low nuisance value. Impedes individual access; unable to walk to waterways.	ML	M
2. Reduce tourism?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). “This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops” (DOANSW 1935). Likely to be obvious weed in recreational areas – may prevent some activities/ access. Minor effects to aesthetics and/or recreational uses (ie. aware but not bothered or activity inhibited).	ML	M
3. Injurious to people?	Reputedly poisonous to livestock (Cronquist 2001). Therefore accidental ingestion by humans/ children could cause illness. Likelihood of human ingestion is probably low. Mildly toxic, may cause some physiological issues (e.g. hayfever, minor rashes, minor damage from spines and burrs at certain times of year).	ML	M
4. Damage to cultural sites?	Weak root system/ rhizome (ZCDO 2009). Therefore structural damage is unlikely but visual aspects affected. Moderate visual effect.	ML	MH
Abiotic
5. Impact flow?	Not reported to grow along river/ stream banks or in water but - Low, wet places (Efloras 2009). Not enough information but appears unlikely. Little or negligible affect on water flow.	L	M
6. Impact water quality?	Not reported to grow along river/ stream banks or in water (pers. obs). No noticeable effect on dissolved 02 / light levels.	L	M
7. Increase soil erosion?	Weak root system/ rhizome (ZCDO 2009). Some soil erosion is likely.	M	M
8. Reduce biomass?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). Unlikely to reduce biomass. Direct replacement of biomass by invader.	ML	MH
9. Change fire regime?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). Perennial (ZCDO 2009). Therefore no great risk of providing dry fuel for fires, but in dry conditions may provide increased woody fuel load.	M	M
Community Habitat
10. Impact on composition (a) high value EVC	EVC = Wetland formation (E); CMA = North Central; Bioregion = Victorian riverina; VH CLIMATE potential. Low wet places (eFloras 2009); Typically found at an altitude of 0-176 m (ZCDO 2009); This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops (DOANSW 2009). Minor displacement of some dominant or indicator spp. within any one strata/layer (eg. Ground cover, forbs, shrubs and trees).	ML	M
(b) medium value EVC	EVC = Grassy dry forest (D); CMA = Port Phillip and W; Bioregion = Central Victorian uplands; VH CLIMATE potential. Low wet places (eFloras 2009); Typically found at an altitude of 0-176 m (ZCDO 2009); This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops (DOANSW 2009). Major displacement of some dominant spp. within a strata layer (or some dominant spp. within different layers).	MH	MH
(c) low value EVC	EVC = Damp sands herb rich woodland (LC); CMA =.Glenelg Hopkins; Bioregion = greater Grampians. VH CLIMATE potential. Low wet places (eFloras 2009); Typically found at an altitude of 0-176 m (ZCDO 2009); This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops (DOANSW 2009). Major displacement of some dominant spp. within a strata layer (or some dominant spp. within different layers).	MH	MH
11. Impact on structure?	“Pascalia glauca evidently has been introduced into south-eastern United States repeatedly. It seems not to have persisted in the flora”. (Efloras 2009). “This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops” (DOANSW 1935). Minor effect on >60% of the layers or major effect on < 60% of the floral strata.	MH	MH
12. Effect on threatened flora?	“This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops” (DOANSW 1935). Unlikely to affect threatened flora, although population reduction is possible. Any population of a VROT spp is reduced.	ML	M
Fauna
13. Effect on threatened fauna?	60% mortality of cattle who have ingested P. glauca (Armesto et al. 2000). Non- specific but may poison some threatened herbivorous fauna. May also reduce habitat due to strong competitive effects with grasses (DOANSW 1935).	M	MH
14. Effect on non-threatened fauna?	60% mortality of cattle who have ingested P. glauca (Armesto et al. 2000). Reduction in habitat for fauna spp., leading to reduction in numbers of individuals, but not to local extinction.	MH	MH
15. Benefits fauna?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). May therefore provide some shelter to desirable species. Provides some assistance in either food or shelter to desirable species.	MH	MH
16. Injurious to fauna?	Reputedly poisonous to livestock (Cronquist 2001). Large spines or burrs dangerous to fauna. Toxic, and/or causes allergies	H	H
Pest Animal
17. Food source to pests?	60% mortality of cattle who have ingested P. glauca (Armesto et al. 2000). Unlikely to be food source to pests. Gardening website reports that it needs to be protected against insect pests (EUGA 2009). Supplies food for one or more minor pest spp.(eg. blackbirds or environmental insect pests).	ML	MH
18. Provides harbor?	5 m high, rounded, evergreen shrub (EUGA 2009). So may provide some harbour to bush rabbits, foxes. Capacity to harbor rabbits or foxes at low densities or as overnight cover.	MH	MH
Agriculture
19. Impact yield?	Found as a weed of wheat crops (DOANSW 1935). 60% mortality of cattle who have ingested P. glauca (Armesto et al. 2000). Major impact on quantity of produce (eg 5-20%).	MH	MH
20. Impact quality?	Reputedly poisonous to livestock (Cronquist 2001). Found as a weed of wheat crops (DOANSW 1935). “This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops” (DOANSW 1935). Major impact on quality of produce (eg 5-20%).	MH	MH
21. Affect land value?	Not enough information.	M	L
22. Change land use?	Not enough information.	M	L
23. Increase harvest costs?	“Appearance of being a difficult weed to eradicate if allowed to spread” (DOANSW 1935). Minor increase in cost of harvesting – eg slightly more time or labour is required.	MH	M
24. Disease host/vector?	Not enough information.	M	L

Invasive

QUESTION	COMMENTS	RATING	CONFIDENCE
Establishment
1. Germination requirements?	Not enough information.	M	L
2. Establishment requirements?	Low, wet places (Efloras 2009). Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 176 meters (ZCDO 2009) “Disturbed Habitats” (Cronquist 2001). Grass and crops (DOANSW 1935). Probably requires open space. Requires more specific requirements to establish (eg. open space or bare ground with access to light and direct rainfall).	ML	M
3. How much disturbance is required?	“Disturbed Habitats” (Cronquist 2001). Establishes in relatively intact or only minor disturbed natural ecosystems (eg. wetlands, riparian, riverine, grasslands, open woodlands); in vigorously growing crops or in well-established pastures.	MH	MH
Growth/Competitive
4. Life form?	Forb/Herb (DOANSW 2009; (ZCDO 2009). Other.	L	MH
5. Allelopathic properties?	Demonstrated allelopathic properties (Sobrero et al. 2009). Allelopathic properties seriously affecting SOME plants.	MH	MH
6. Tolerates herb pressure?	Has rhizome (ZCDO 2009). There likely to be able to resprout after vegetative damage. Reportedly attacked by insects (EUGA 2009) Consumed but non-preferred	MH	MH
7. Normal growth rate?	“This weed is very strong growing and will prevent the growth of both grass and crops” (DOANSW 1935). Rapid growth rate that will exceed most other species of the same life form.	H	MH
8. Stress tolerance to frost, drought, w/logg, sal. etc?	Does not tolerate freezing/ very hot temperatures (EUGA 2009). Has rhizome (ZCDO 2009). There likely to be able to resprout after vegetative damage. Does not appear to be a hardy plant. (EUGA 2009). Tolerant to at least two and susceptible to at least one.	ML	M
Reproduction
9. Reproductive system	Spreads by rhizomes in cultivation (Hanson 1985). Vegetative reproduction (may be via cultivation, but not propagation).	MH	MH
10. Number of propagules produced?	Not enough information.	M	L
11. Propagule longevity?	Not enough information.	M	L
12. Reproductive period?	Perennial (ZCDO 2009). Mature plant produces viable propagules for 3–10 years.	MH	M
13. Time to reproductive maturity?	Not enough information.	M	L
Dispersal
14. Number of mechanisms?	Spreads by seeds and rhizomes (TDE 2009). Spreads by rhizomes in cultivation (Hanson 1985). Propagules spread by wind, water, attachment (humans, animals, or vehicles), accidental human dispersal (ploughing).	MH	MH
15. How far do they disperse?	Achene 4-5 mm long, Pappus an irregular short crown (Cronquist 2001). Achene = a small, usually single seeded dry indehiscent fruit. Indehiscent = fruit e.g.: berries that do not open to release their seeds. Spreads by rhizomes in cultivation (Hanson 1985). Not enough information.	M	L

References

Cronquist, A (2001) Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States. Available athttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=d9r5rmxhBPwC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=Pascalia+glauca&source=bl&ots=lZTdEbT_vs&sig=U4iXFg7fLZatjyyUOJyB_XXnIO4&hl=en&ei=yW_dSdjfNNGGkAXx-4CWDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 (verified 04/2009).

DOANSW (1935) Know your weeds – Department of Agriculture – New South Wales. Available at http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/botanypam/0/4/1/pdf/bp0418.pdf (verified 04/2009).

EFloras (2009)Flora of North America. Available at http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242437620 (verified 04/2009).

EUGA (2009) Gardening EU. Available at http://www.gardening.eu/arc/plants/Shrubs/Wedelia-glauca-Ortega-Hoffmann-ex-Hicken/49400/index_a.asp (verified 04/2009).

Hanson, C. G. (1985). Bird seed aliens in Britain. Available at http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats15p237.pdf (verified 04/2009).

NSWFO (2009) New South Wales Flora Online. Available at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Wedelia~glauca (verified 04/2009).

Rodriguez Armesto, R., Peralta, C., Zinmerman, R., Ochoteco, M., Repetto, A., Picco, E. J. (2000) Mortality of cattle attributed to ingestion of Wedelia glauca. In Cab abstracts. Available at http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20043000334 (verified 04/2009).

Sobrero, M. T., Ochoa, M. del C., Chaila (2009) Allelopathic potential of Wedelia glauca: effects on horticultural species. Planta Daninha. Available at
http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20043083281 (verified 04/2009).

TDE (2009) TODO experts. Wedelia glauca. Available at http://66.102.11.132/translate_c?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.todoexpertos.com/categorias/ciencias-eingenieria/ingenieria-agronomos/respuestas/1813971/wedelia-glaucasunchillo&prev=/search%3Fq%3DWedelia%2Bglauca%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D10&usg=ALkJrhj6RYQzawC6ggC3XCmF0CzX-PGx-w (verified 04/2009).

ZCDO (2009) Zipcodezoo. Available at http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/P/Pascalia_glauca/ (verified 04/2009).

Global present distribution data references

Australian National Herbarium (ANH) (2008) Australia’s Virtual Herbarium, Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Plant Diversity and Research, Available at
http://www.anbg.gov.au/avh/ (verified 26/03/2009).

Department of the Environment and Heritage (Commonwealth of Australia). (1993 – On-going) Australian Plant Name Index (APNI)
http://www.cpbr.gov.au/apni/index.html (verified 26/03/2009 ).

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2008) Global biodiversity information facility, Available at http://www.gbif.org/ (verified 26/03/2009).

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (2009) Available at http://www.itis.gov/ (verified 26/03/2009).

Missouri Botanical Gardens (MBG) (2009) w³TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical Gardens Database, Available at http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html (viewed 26/03/2009).

United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. Taxonomy Query. (2009) Available at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl (verified 26/03/2009).

Feedback

Do you have additional information about this plant that will improve the quality of the assessment?
If so, we would value your contribution. Click on the link to go to the feedback form.

Page top