WP2

WP2 Landscape

Soil Profile Morphology:

Surface Soil

A11	0-10 cm	Dark brown (7.5YR4/2); sandy loam; hardsetting and massive; very strong consistence dry; pH 7.1; sharp change to:	WP2 Profile
Subsoil
B21	10-30 cm	Dark brown (7.5YR4/4); medium clay; medium blocky structure; firm consistence moderately moist; contains a few (2-10%) soft carbonates; pH 8.7; gradual change to:
B22k	30-50 cm	Strong brown (7.5YR4/6); light medium clay; medium prismatic structure; firm consistence moderately moist; contains a few (2-10%) soft carbonates; pH 9.3; gradual change to:
B23k	50-70 cm	Strong brown (7.5YR5/6); medium clay; containing a few (2-10%) soft carbonate; pH 9.4; gradual change to:
B31k	70-110 cm	Pinkish grey (7.5YR7/2) with yellowish red (5YR5/8) mottles; medium heavy clay; prismatic structure; very strong consistence dry; contains a few (2-10%) soft carbonate; pH 9.3.

	pH	Salinity	Sodicity	Dispersion
Surface (A1 horizon)	slightly alkaline	very low	sodic	-
Subsoil (B21 horizon)	strongly alkaline	medium	strongly sodic	strong
Deeper subsoil (at 1 m)	very strongly alkaline	high-very high	extremely sodic	none1
1 Due to a high level of soluble salts.

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH (water)	pH (CaCl2)	EC 1:5	NaCl	Exchangeable Cations
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						Meq/100g
A11	0-10	7.1	6.2	0.13		3.3	2	0.5	1
B21	10-30	8.7	7.9	0.67		7.2	8.2	1	8.1
B22k	30-50	9.3	8.9	1.32	0.23	5.1	8.2	1.0	10.3
B23k	50-70	9.4	8.8	1.49	0.26	4.5	9.2	1.1	14.1
B31k	70-150	9.3	9	1.6	0.29	3.2	6.0	0.7	8.9

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	Field Capacity pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2	Coarse Sand (0.2-2.0 mm)	Fine Sand (0.02-0.2 mm)	Silt (0.002-0.02 mm)	Clay (<0.002 mm)
A11	0-10	9.9	6.6
B21	10-30	46.1	24.8
B22k	30-50	42.5	23.3
B23k	50-70	38.2	15.5
B31k	70-150

• The hardsetting surface condition can be improved by using management practises such as minimum tillage, stubble retention and pasture rotations to improve organic matter levels. The level of organic carbon measured at the pit site (which may or may not be representative of the whole paddock) is quite low.
• The level of total nitrogen measured at the pit site is quite low. This is best assessed, however, by taking a bulked sample from across the paddock.

• The upper subsoil is strongly sodic and dispersive. This will result in root and water movement being significantly restricted. Surface soil waterlogging is likely to occur in wetter periods as a result. The deeper subsoil below 30 cm depth becomes extremely sodic (and has a low exchangeable calcium to magnesium ratio) which will have a deleterious effect on soil structure.
• The level of soluble salts is medium in the upper subsoil (ie. 10-30 cm depth). This may affect the growth of salt sensitive species (eg. chick peas, lupins). The salinity rating becomes very high from 30 cm depth and the growth of a number of plant species (possibly including wheat, oats and barley) may be significantly restricted.

• Water lies on surface in wet years.