23.6 Spud Point

The confluence of the Aire, Calder and Ford rivers provide the largest alluvial basin in the Otway shire. The basin is in part structural occupying the down thrown side of the Castle Cove Fault (Singleton, 1967), and in part erosional, having been enlarged by fluvial processes during Pleistocene glacial low sea level episodes. During interglacial higher sea level periods, the basin was flooded by the sea and the previously defined margins were extended by marine erosion. The basin is underlain by Otway Group sediments which now outcrop around the northern and eastern edges forming the distinctive ridge and valley terrain of the southern Otway Ranges.

As with the Johanna area, the Aire basin illustrates a Tertiary depositional sequence that differs from the major part of the Otway basin to the west. Attempts have been made therefore to establish a local scheme of rock nomenclature (reviewed in Douglas and Ferguson, 1976) and further detailed work is being undertaken (e.g. Marshallsea, 1982; Tingate, 1982).

Although the best outcrops of Tertiary strata are found in sites adjacent to the Aire (e.g. Castle Cove), several important stratigraphical sections occur on the coast near the Aire mouth and in cliffs fringing the flood plain.

Quaternary sediments in the Aire basin are complex and include shallow marine, estuarine, lagoonal and tidal sands, muds and shells, flood plain and lacustrine deposits and windblown sand. These record the changing environments (tectonic, climatic, marine) over the Pleistocene and Holocene and provide a major opportunity for studies in palaeoecology, geomorphology and prehistory.

The geomorphology of the Aire basin is dominated by three major units:

(a) the sequence of Pleistocene and Holocene calcareous sands that comprise the massive dune ridge that enclosed the basin - the Aire has cut a gorge across this at a time of lower sea level and this gorge is now being filled by aeolian sands;

(b) the Castle Cove Fault which delineates the north western edge of the basin;

(c) the present flood plain of the rivers representing a largely infilled estuary with residual wetlands and lakes.

Location:	23-120045. One kilometre east of Glenaire.
Access:	Great Ocean Road.
Ownership:	Private land.
Geology:	This is a narrow spur almost isolated on the flood plain by erosion by the Ford River. It consists of cemented limonite, quartz pebbles and limestone and is referred to as the Calder River Limestone (Carter, 1958).
Significance:	Regional. The outcrops are used to determine the detailed stratigraphy of the Aire basin Tertiary sediments.
References:	Wilkinson, C.S. (1865). "Report on the Cape Otway country." (From Parl. Papers 1864-65). Rep. geol. Surv. Vict. Hall, T.S. & Pritchard, G.B. (1899). "The Tertiary deposits of the Aire and Cape Otway." Proc. R. Soc. Vict. 12: pp. 36-59. Chapman, F. (1904). "On some Cainozoic Foraminifera from Browns Creek, Otway Coast." Rec. geol. Surv. Vict. 1: pp. 227.230. Deane, H. (1904). "Preliminary report on fossil flora." Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict. 1: 13-14. Carter, A.N. (1958). "Tertiary Foraminifera from the Aire district Victoria." Bull. Geol. Surv. Vict. 55. Douglas, J.G. & Ferguson, J. (1976). "Geology of Victoria." Geol. Soc. Aust. Spec. Pub. 5: 528 pp. Singleton, O.P. (1976). "Otway Region. Excursions Handbook." 39th Congr. Aust. N.Z. Assoc. Advmt. Sci. Sect. C. pp. 171-181. Head, L. & Stuart, I. (1980). "Change in the Aire - palaeoecology and prehistory in the Aire basin, southwestern Victoria." Monash Pub. in Geog. 24: pp 102. Marshallsea, S.J. (1982). "The geology of the Johanna River area." B. Sc. Hons. Report (unpub.) Univ. of Melb. Tingate, P. (1982). "The geology of the Aire district." B. Sc. Hons. Report (unpub.) Univ. of Melb.

Sites 23.5 to 23.7