LS2

Location: Kinimakatka

Australian Soil Classification: Vertic (and Calcic), Mottled-Subnatric, Brown SODOSOL

Northcote Factual Key: Db 2.13
Great Soil Group: red-brown earth (sodic)

General Landscape Description: Lower slope on the eastern side of a north-south trending Gently Undulating Rise. Average slope 3-4%.

LS2 Landscape

A1	0-10 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3); sandy clay loam; weakly structured; weak consistence dry; pH 6.2; sharp boundary change to:	LS2 Profile
Subsoil
B21	10-40 cm	Dark brown (10YR3/3) with faint reddish brown (5YR4/4) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate coarse prismatic, parting to moderate coarse blocky structure; very strong consistence dry; contains few (5 %) ironstone concretions; pH 7.8:
B22	40-80 cm	Light brownish grey (10YR6/2) with yellow red (5YR5/6); medium heavy clay; structure similar to above; contains few (7 %) soft carbonate segregations in pockets; pH 9.4:
B23	80-100 cm	Greyish brown (2.5Y5/2) with yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; medium heavy clay; pH 9.3:
B24	100-130 cm	Olive brown (2.5Y6/4) with red mottles; heavy clay; strong lenticular structure; pH 9.2.

• Texture contrast below surface horizon and clay subsoil horizons.
• Hardsetting nature of the surface soil.
• Vertic properties (ie. presence of lenticular structure) in deeper subsoil.

The surface soil is slightly acid. The subsoil is slightly alkaline becoming very strongly alkaline with depth.

The salinity rating is very low in the surface and upper subsoil becoming high with depth.

The surface is non-sodic. The subsoil is sodic becoming strongly sodic with depth..

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	pH (water)	pH (CaCl2)	EC dS/m	Sodium Chloride %	Exchangeable Cations
						Ca	Mg	K	Na
						meq/100g
A1	0-10	6.2	5.4	0.15		6.1	2.1	0.8	0.1
B21	10-40	7.8	6.8	0.1		10.2	5.9	0.9	1.4
B22	40-80	9.4	8.7	0.73		7.5	12.1	0.8	8.9
B23	80-100	9.3	8.8	1.16	0.17	4.3	10.8	1	11.2
B24	100-130	9.2	8.7	1.18	0.21	4.1	9.7	0.9	10.7
B25	130+	8.5	7.9	0.39		4.6	11.9	1	12.5

Horizon	Horizon Depth (cm)	Total Nitrogen %	Oxidisable Organic Carbon %	Field Capacity pF2.5	Wilting Point pF4.2
A1	0-10	0.14	1.8	17.2	6
B21	10-40			25.9	11.7
B22	40-80
B23	80-100
B24	100-130
B25	130+

• When dry the surface soil will set hard and become difficult to work.
• Although surface soil aggregates are reasonably water-stable, dispersion can occur after mechanical shearing during cultivation when in a moist to wet condition (as indicated by strong dispersion after remoulding). This would result in surface soil structural condition decline which may restrict seedling emergence and water infiltration. Raindrop action on bare soil can have a similar effect, so it is important to maintain surface cover.

• The sodic and dispersive subsoil (from 10cm depth) may create structural problems likely to restrict water and plant root movement down the profile.
• The level of soluble salts is likely to restrict the growth of salt sensitive plants from 40 cm depth.
• The subsoil from 40 cm depth is very strongly alkaline. This indicates that some nutrients (eg. iron, manganese, copper and zinc) may be poorly available to plants at depth. Plant tissue analysis can be used to determine if deficiencies occur.

• Gypsum used successfully.
• Good wheat yields achieved.