Your gateway to a wide range of natural resources information and associated maps

Victorian Resources Online

Impact Assessment - Wheel cactus (Opuntia robusta) in Victoria (Nox)

Back | Table | Feedback

Assessment of plant invasiveness is done by evaluating biological and ecological characteristics such as germination requirements, growth rate, competitive ability, reproduction methods and dispersal mechanisms. Assessment of plant impacts, however, is determined by the extent to which a plant affects a land manager’s environmental, economic and social resources.

The relative importance of these resources varies depending upon the value people place on them and, as such, the assessment process is subjective. For example, a farmer is likely to place a higher emphasis on the impact of a plant on production (economic resource) than its impact on areas of natural vegetation occurring on the farm. Conversely, a Landcare or Friends group would value environmental or social resources more than economic resources.

Recognising that the value of resources vary between different land tenures, plant impact assessments allow a prioritisation of resources by land managers. Assessments can apply at a local, regional or state level, and the relative values of each resource identified may differ at each level.

The impact assessment method used in the Victorian Pest Plant Prioritisation Process uses three broad resource categories: social, environmental and agricultural, each with a number of related attributes. For example, social resources include such attributes as how the plant affects human access for recreation, or if it creates a health risk due to toxicity or by producing allergens.

Each resource attribute, or criterion, is assessed relative to a list of intensity ratings. Depending upon information found in relation to each criterion, a rating of Low, Medium Low, Medium High or High is assigned. Descriptions of the impact criteria and intensity ratings used in this process can be viewed here.

The following table provides information on the impact of Wheel cactus.

A more detailed description of the methodology of the Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method can be viewed below:

Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method (PDF - 630 KB)
Victorian Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) method (DOC - 1 MB)
To view the information PDF requires the use of a PDF reader. This can be installed for free from the Adobe website (external link).

Common Name: Wheel cactus
Scientific name: Opuntia robusta.
Question
Comments
Reference
Rating
Recreation
1. Restrict human access?An erect shrub commonly 1 to 2 metres high. “Patches of Opuntia spp. grow densely forming an impenetrable barrier, hence their use as live fences in some areas.” Most likely to be a high nuisance to people by restricting direct access.
MH
2. Reduce tourism?Although not occurring in dense populations, its presence would be obvious and, due to the spiny nature of the plant, it may affect some recreational activities.
P & C (2001)
MH
3. Injurious to people?Stems (cladodes) are regularly patterned with aureoles that bear very fine barbed bristles. Some aureoles also have 1 to 5 sharp spines to 4 cm long. The barbed bristles are obnoxious because they readily penetrate human skin causing sever irritation and are difficult to remove. Spines and bristles are present all year.
P & C (2001)
H
4. Damage to cultural sites?Dense stands of O. robusta would create a negative visual impact on cultural sites and seriously affect the aesthetics of an area. The root system is fibrous and shallow and unlikely to cause structural damage.
P & C (2001)
MH
Abiotic
5. Impact flow?Terrestrial species.
P & C (2001)
L
6. Impact water quality?Terrestrial species.
P & C (2001)
L
7. Increase soil erosion?The root system, while shallow, is fibrous. In dense patches, aerial growth provides good ground cover. Not likely to contribute to soil erosion.
P & C (2001)
L
8. Reduce biomass?In Victoria, O. robusta occurs in small populations on lowland grassland and woody grassland situations. The plant would likely increase biomass.
L
9. Change fire regime?A succulent, it would have a small or negligible effect on fire risk. “Because of their high moisture content, plants are not easily burnt.”
P & C (2001)
L
Community Habitat
10. Impact on composition
(a) high value EVC
EVC=Plains grassy woodland (E); CMA=North Central; Bioreg=Victorian Riverina; VH CLIMATE potential.
Like other Opuntia spp., O. robusta grow densely forming impenetrable barriers. Stands can hinder growth of smaller shrubs and ground flora. Major impact on lower stratum, minor impact on mid stratum.
P & C (2001)
Muyt (2001)
MH
(b) medium value EVCEVC=Riverine grassy woodland (D); CMA=Goulburn Broken; Bioreg=Murray Fans; VH CLIMATE potential.
Impact as in 10(a) above.
P & C (2001)
Muyt (2001)
MH
(c) low value EVCEVC=Riparian forest (LC); CMA=West Gippsland; Bioreg=Highlands - Southern Fall; H CLIMATE potential.
Similar impact as in 10(a) above, however, effect lessened due to high CLIMATE potential only.
MH
11. Impact on structure?“Large stands can hinder the growth and regeneration of indigenous plants, particularly smaller shrubs and ground-flora.” Minor effect on the lower and mid strata
Muyt (2001)
ML
12. Effect on threatened flora?
Fauna
13. Effect on threatened fauna?
14. Effect on non-threatened fauna?Opuntia spp. are not usually grazed by stock because of the stout spines.” In dense patches, the plant could hinder access to water and reduce available fodder for fauna.
P & C (2001)
ML
15. Benefits fauna?“seed…is spread in the droppings of birds, foxes and other animals.” May provide limited food to desirable species.
P & C (2001)
MH
16. Injurious to fauna?Opuntia spp. are not usually grazed by stock because of the stout spines and bristles damage their tongues and lips.” Spines present all year.
P & C (2001)
H
Pest Animal
17. Food source to pests?“seed…is spread in the droppings of birds, foxes and other animals. Opuntia spp. are hosts to fruit-fly.” Food source to at least one serious pest animal at a crucial time of year.
P & C (2001)
H
18. Provides harbour?“Patches also provide effective harbour for pest animals such as rabbits.” Plants are long-lived, which would allow for permanent harbor.
P & C (2001)
H
Agriculture
19. Impact yield?O. robusta has not demonstrated the same degree of invasiveness as O. stricta. However, it is weedy in the north central region of Victoria. No biological control agent exists for this species, so it appears to be naturally contained. Animals do not graze the plant and dense patches may limit grazing capacity.
P & C (2001)
ML
20. Impact quality?Not a weed of cropping.

Animals avoid the plant because of the spines.
P & C (2001)
L
21. Affect land value?Population densities are small.

Not likely to affect land value.
Carr et al (1992)
L
22. Change land use?The impact on agriculture is limited; change in land use not required.
L
23. Increase harvest costs?No impact on harvest costs.
L
24. Disease host/vector?None evident
L


Impact Assessment Record - Wheel cactus (PDF - 32KB)
Impact Assessment Record - Wheel cactus (DOC - 61KB)
This table can also be viewed as a PDF document (printer friendly).To view the information PDF requires the use of a PDF reader. This can be installed for free from the Adobe website (external link).

Feedback

Do you have additional information about this plant that will improve the quality of the assessment?
If so, we would value your contribution. Click on the link to go to the feedback form.

Page top