Your gateway to a wide range of natural resources information and associated maps

Victorian Resources Online

LCA Cardinia Shire - Tech Report No. 29 - Chapter 4.5

Sma | Smb | Smc | Smd | Smf | Smh

4.5 Silurian metamorphic map units (Sm)
The Silurian metamorphic sediments are found in the vicinity of Upper Beaconsfield and Mt Burnett, adjacent to the granitic terrain. This can be seen as a narrow band of rocky steep crests, and highly dissected steep slopes. The metamorphosed areas often have higher relief than the surrounding areas. Moving away from the zone of contact, lower hills with less steep slopes and drainage lines are prominent. This metamorphic area is also known as a metamorphic aureole.

Metamorphosed sediments may display various levels of metamorphism. The intrusion of granitic material into the sedimentary rock has caused pressure, heating and folding of the sedimentary material. These processes bring about changes in the mineral composition, causing the rocks to become harder and more dense. Close to the granitic intrusion, strongly heated material such as hornfels may be found. This is an extremely hard and dense rock, and is generally found on steep crests and steep slopes. In addition, there is little evidence of the layering present in normal sedimentary material, however when moving away from the contact zone, layering of the sedimentary material becomes more obvious. The boundary between slightly heated sedimentary material and unheated sediments is difficult to delineate. The increase in hardness of metamorphic rocks makes them more resistant to weathering than the sedimentary material.

Soils formed on the metamorphic aureole are generally shallow and stony. Brown Sodosols are common where rocky crests and steep rocky slopes occur. Weakly structured, stony red Dermosols are present on shallow, steep slopes, and grey Chromosols appear where soil depth increases, especially when moderate slopes are encountered. Deeper yellow Chromosol soils occur around the break of slope and other gentle slopes. Surface stone is common on all crests and steep to moderate slopes.

All the above soils have bleached A2 horizons. These horizons have high percentages of silt and fine sand with low liquid limits. When excess water is added to these horizons they become sloppy and have little cohesive strength. If this horizon is exposed through removal of vegetation and topsoil, severe erosion can occur.

On many of the steep metamorphic units, excluding drainage depressions, a layer of stone is present in the A2 horizon, or the top of the B1 horizon. These sedimentary stones appear as discreet layers in these horizons and are generally angular in shape ranging in size from 20-600 mm in diameter and may be up to 60 per cent of the volume of the horizon. Stones that appear in the B2 layer are generally well distributed throughout the horizon, however there are occurrences where there may be an accumulation of stone, 20-600 mm in diameter, on top of the C-Horizon. Even though stones occur on the surface and in the B-horizons, the greatest concentration of stones are generally found in a layer in the A2 horizon.

Land management considerations
The metamorphic aureole has obvious hazards for a range of land uses. The major limitations are steep slopes, depth to hard rock and shallow soil depth. The steep terrain is susceptible to sheet and gully erosion, especially where vegetation cover is poor.

The siting of access tracks, building foundations, septic tanks and dams is made difficult by steep slopes, depth to rock and shallow soils. Soil conservation measures will be required to minimise erosion during house construction.

With rural residential development rapidly increasing in these areas, careful design of effluent disposal fields, farm dams and secondary roading is required. The major problem with secondary roading is the fine sandy A2 horizon. The A horizon, if left exposed, is prone to erosion. Road cuttings that are exposed are subject to undercutting by water and small slips may occur as a result.

The soils of this unit are often infertile and acidic, both in the A and B horizons. For this reason and the steepness of the terrain, metamorphic units are best suited for grazing, or conservation purposes.

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 13
Plate 13 - Map Unit: Sma - Brown Sodosol
Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 14
Plate 14 - Map Unit: Smb - Red Dermosol

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 15
Plate 15 - Map Units: Smc, Smh - Grey Chromosol

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 16

Plate 16 - Map Unit: Smd - Yellow Chromosol



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Sma

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Steep metamorphic crests occur in the north of the Shire adjacent to the granitic terrain. A shallow stony brown Sodosol soil is common. Tenosols may also be found in very shallow soils where rock outcrop is significant. Soil depth varies from 30-80 cm in this unit. Surface stone is common, and may be up to 20 per cent in uncleared areas. A layer of stone is present between a depth of 10-30 cm in the A2 horizons. The bleached A2 horizons are poorly structured and have high contents of fine sand and silt. Surface stone can cause problems in agricultural situations, however in a construction situation it is easily removed. Topsoil should be retained and replaced after construction and the site revegetated to avoid sheet and gully erosion.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:CrestRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:0.3-0.8 m (variable)
Slope b) range:3-15%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Silver Wattle
Present Land Use:Grazing, native forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Low
Very low
Low
Low
Incidence
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S39
A1 0-5 cmVery dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, very weak consistence, pH 5.4. Abrupt transition to:
A2 5-30 cmLight brown (10YR6/3) loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular structure, peds 20-50 mm rough fabric, weak consistence, a few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.5. Clear transition to:
B2 30-80 cmBrown (10YR5/4) medium clay, coarse distinct brown and orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, a few subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.9. Diffuse transition to:
C80+ cmWeathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41(major), Uc, Gn3.04 (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Magnesic, Mottled-Subnatric, Brown SODOSOL; medium, non-gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.5
1
VL
L
D
D
T
H
VL
A2
4.4**
12
VL
VL
D
D
T
L
VL
B2
4.8
3
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 100 mm/day, range 0-330 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (125 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land UseClassMajor Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T2S3-4
Depth to hardrock (variable)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3-4
Depth to impermeable layer (variable)
Farm Dams
5
Very low dispersibility of subsoil, shallow depth to hardrock (variable)
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

3

3

Slope, proportion of stone and boulders

Proportion of stone and boulders, linear shrinkage
Secondary Roads
3
Slope, proportion of stone and boulders, linear shrinkage, USG
Rural Residential Development
5
Farm dams



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smb

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Steep sedimentary slopes are present adjacent to the granitic terrain in the north of the Shire. Soils are similar to those found on the crests (Sma) with predominantly shallow, stony red Dermosols and occassional brown Sodosols and Tenosols. Soil depth may vary from 50-110 cm. The A2 horizons have high percentages of silt and sand, and are prone to erosion if the topsoil is removed.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.3 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:CrestRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:35%Depth to Hard Rock:0.5-1.1 m
Slope b) range:> 33%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Messmate, Casuarina
Present Land Use:Grazing, native forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Moderate
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Low
Incidence
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S40
A1
0-10 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) humic fine sandy loam, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, very weak consistence, pH 5.4. Clear transition to:
A21
10-30 cm
Brown (10YR5/3) fine sandy loam, weak polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, very few small subrounded metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
A22
30-60 cm
Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) sandy clay loam fine sandy, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many large (20-60 mm) subrounded metamorphic pebbles, pH 6.1. Gradual transition to:
B1
60-70 cm
Brown (7.5YR5/4) fine sandy clay, many medium distinct brownish yellowish mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, pH 6.1. Clear transition to:
B2
70-110 cm
Reddish brown (5YR4/4) medium clay, strong polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, angular metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm) are common, firm consistence, pH 5.8. Diffuse transition to:
B/C
110+ cm
Reddish brown (5YR4/4) light medium clay, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth structure, many angular metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), firm consistence.

Classification
Factual Key:Gn3.04 (major), Dy3.41, Uc (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Eutrophic, Red DERMOSOL; medium, non-gravelly, loamy, clayey, very deep. (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.5
1
VL
VL
D
S
T
H
VL
A21
4.7
5
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
A22
4.9
28
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
L
B1
4.8
4
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B2
4.8
0
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
L
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Slow (average 50 mm/day, range 0-80 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (148 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (13.5%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T5S4
Slope
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
5
Slope
Farm Dams
5
Slope
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

4

Slope

Slope, proportion of stone and boulders, susceptibility to slope failure
Secondary Roads
5
Slope
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, farm dams, effluent disposal, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smc

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Moderately steep slopes are found mostly in the north of the district near the metamorphic aureole. Stony, grey Chromosol soils with bleached A2 horizons are common, with variants including red and yellow Dermosols. Soil depth is between 75-130 cm. A stone layer is common in the A2 horizon, or at the top of the B1 horizon. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added. These slopes are prone to sheet and rill erosion, particularly if the A2 horizon is exposed.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:Silurian Depth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.3 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:25%Depth to Hard Rock:0.5-1.3 m
Slope b) range:21-32%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture grazing, native forest, state forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S42
A1
0-5 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) loam fine sandy, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 2-5 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
A2
5-45 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) sandy clay loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, weak polyhedral structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
B2
45-80 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) light clay, coarse prominent red mottles and coarse distinct orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 2-5 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.5. Gradual transition to:
C
80+ cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41(major), Gn3.04 (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Grey CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.2**
3
VL
VL
D
S
T
H
VL
A2
4.3**
26
VL
VL
D
D
T
VL
VL
B2
4.6
30
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (125 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Low (12%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T4S4
Slope, gravel stone and boulder content
Effluent Disposal
(septic tanks)
4
Slope
Farm Dams
5
Slope, suitability of subsoil, very low dispersibility of subsoil
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

4

3

Slope

Slope, depth to seasonal watertable, proportion of stones and boulders, susceptibility to slope failure
Secondary Roads
4
Slope, proportion of stones and boulders
Rural Residential Development
5
Farm dams



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smd

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Moderate slopes occur along a noticeable break between steep and gentle slopes. Soils occurring on this unit are related to position in the landscape. The accumulation of colluvial material downslope influences soil formation and depth. The dominant soil type is a mottled yellow Chromosol with a bleached A2 horizon. A stone layer is common in the A2 horizon, or on the top of the B1 horizon. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added, making these slopes prone to sheet and rill erosion if the A2 horizon is exposed. Minor drainage lines may suffer from gully erosion.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:< 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sediments Flooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Moderately well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:14%Depth to Hard Rock:> 1.5 m
Slope b) range:11-20%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Very low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S41
A1
0-10 cm
Very dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Abrupt transition to:
A2
10-35 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) fine sandy loam, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular blocky structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, abundant large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Clear transition to:
B21
35-125 cm
Light brownish grey (10YR6/2) fine sandy clay, many very coarse distinct orange mottles, weak polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, rough fabric, firm consistence, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
B22
125-150 cm
Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) medium heavy clay, many very coarse distinct grey mottles and a few coarse prominent red mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, very few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Gradual transition to:
C
150 cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Yellow CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.3**
1
VL
L
D
D
T
VH
VL
A2
4.5
90
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B21
4.2**
< 1
VL
L
D
D
T
VL
M
B22
4.3**
< 1
VL
M
D
D
T
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Very high (> 200 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17.5 %)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T3S5
Gravel stone and boulder content (A2)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3
Slope, drainage
Farm Dams
4
Slope, depth to hardrock, permeability, susceptibility to slope failure
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

5

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Secondary Roads
5
Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smf

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The soils occurring on gentle metamorphic slopes are related to the position in the landscape. The dominant soil type is a mottled yellow Chromosol with a bleached A2 horizon. A rock layer is common in the A2 horizon or on top of the B1. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added, making these slopes prone to sheet and rill erosion if the A2 horizon is exposed. Minor drainage lines may suffer from gully erosion. Because of the nature of the metamorphic aureole and the steepness of the metamorphic country there is only a small area of this unit in the Shire.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:< 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sediments Flooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Moderately well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:1.5 m
Slope b) range:4-10%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Incidence
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S41
A10-10 cmVery dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Abrupt transition to:
A210-35 cmPale brown (10YR6/3) fine sandy loam, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, abundant large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Clear transition to:
B2135-125 cmLight brownish grey (10YR6/2) fine sandy clay, many very coarse distinct orange mottles, weak polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, rough fabric, firm consistence, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
B22125-150 cmLight yellowish brown (10YR6/4) medium heavy clay, many very coarse distinct grey mottles and a few coarse prominent red mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, very few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Gradual transition to:
C150 cmWeathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Yellow CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory Analysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.3**
1
VL
L
D
D
T
VH
VL
A2
4.5
90
VL
VL
D
D
T
VL
VL
B21
4.2**
< 1
VL
L
D
D
T
VL
M
B22
4.3**
< 1
VL
M
D
D
T
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Very high (> 200 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17.5 %)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T3S5
Gravel stone and boulder content (A2)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3
Slope, drainage
Farm Dams
4
Slope, depth to hardrock, permeability, susceptibility to slope failure
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

5

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Secondary Roads
5
Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smh

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The metamorphic terrain generally has slopes between 20-40 per cent and the minor drainage lines which dissect these slopes are generally narrow and steep. In some situations minor drainage lines may not have been mapped due to restrictions of scale, especially in the steeper units. Bleached and mottled grey Chromosol soils are common. Some gully erosion occurs in this unit. Waterlogging is a problem in winter and spring months. The soils are often acidic.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Moderate
Landform Pattern:Low hillsDrainage:Imperfectly drained
Landform Element:Drainage depressionRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:> 1.5 m
Slope b) range:2-15%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
NA
B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S42
A1
0-5 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) loam fine sandy, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 2-5 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
A2
5-45 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) sandy clay loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, weak polyhedral structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
B2
45-80 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) light clay, coarse prominent red mottles and coarse distinct orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 2-5 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.5. Gradual transition to:
C
80+ cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Grey CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.2**
3
VL
VL
D
S
S
H
VL
A2
4.3**
26
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B2
4.6
30
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 50 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Moderate (average 50 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (125 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Low (12%)
C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C3T2S3
Gravel stone and boulder content, depth to seasonal watertable
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
4
Drainage
Farm Dams
5
Suitability of subsoil, very low dispersibility of subsoil
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

4

4
Proportion of stones and boulders, drainage
Proportion of stones and boulders, drainage
Secondary Roads
4
Drainage, proportion of stones and boulders
Rural Residential Development
5
Farm dams


Sma | Smb | Smc | Smd | Smf | Smh

4.5 Silurian metamorphic map units (Sm)
The Silurian metamorphic sediments are found in the vicinity of Upper Beaconsfield and Mt Burnett, adjacent to the granitic terrain. This can be seen as a narrow band of rocky steep crests, and highly dissected steep slopes. The metamorphosed areas often have higher relief than the surrounding areas. Moving away from the zone of contact, lower hills with less steep slopes and drainage lines are prominent. This metamorphic area is also known as a metamorphic aureole.

Metamorphosed sediments may display various levels of metamorphism. The intrusion of granitic material into the sedimentary rock has caused pressure, heating and folding of the sedimentary material. These processes bring about changes in the mineral composition, causing the rocks to become harder and more dense. Close to the granitic intrusion, strongly heated material such as hornfels may be found. This is an extremely hard and dense rock, and is generally found on steep crests and steep slopes. In addition, there is little evidence of the layering present in normal sedimentary material, however when moving away from the contact zone, layering of the sedimentary material becomes more obvious. The boundary between slightly heated sedimentary material and unheated sediments is difficult to delineate. The increase in hardness of metamorphic rocks makes them more resistant to weathering than the sedimentary material.

Soils formed on the metamorphic aureole are generally shallow and stony. Brown Sodosols are common where rocky crests and steep rocky slopes occur. Weakly structured, stony red Dermosols are present on shallow, steep slopes, and grey Chromosols appear where soil depth increases, especially when moderate slopes are encountered. Deeper yellow Chromosol soils occur around the break of slope and other gentle slopes. Surface stone is common on all crests and steep to moderate slopes.

All the above soils have bleached A2 horizons. These horizons have high percentages of silt and fine sand with low liquid limits. When excess water is added to these horizons they become sloppy and have little cohesive strength. If this horizon is exposed through removal of vegetation and topsoil, severe erosion can occur.

On many of the steep metamorphic units, excluding drainage depressions, a layer of stone is present in the A2 horizon, or the top of the B1 horizon. These sedimentary stones appear as discreet layers in these horizons and are generally angular in shape ranging in size from 20-600 mm in diameter and may be up to 60 per cent of the volume of the horizon. Stones that appear in the B2 layer are generally well distributed throughout the horizon, however there are occurrences where there may be an accumulation of stone, 20-600 mm in diameter, on top of the C-Horizon. Even though stones occur on the surface and in the B-horizons, the greatest concentration of stones are generally found in a layer in the A2 horizon.

Land management considerations
The metamorphic aureole has obvious hazards for a range of land uses. The major limitations are steep slopes, depth to hard rock and shallow soil depth. The steep terrain is susceptible to sheet and gully erosion, especially where vegetation cover is poor.

The siting of access tracks, building foundations, septic tanks and dams is made difficult by steep slopes, depth to rock and shallow soils. Soil conservation measures will be required to minimise erosion during house construction.

With rural residential development rapidly increasing in these areas, careful design of effluent disposal fields, farm dams and secondary roading is required. The major problem with secondary roading is the fine sandy A2 horizon. The A horizon, if left exposed, is prone to erosion. Road cuttings that are exposed are subject to undercutting by water and small slips may occur as a result.

The soils of this unit are often infertile and acidic, both in the A and B horizons. For this reason and the steepness of the terrain, metamorphic units are best suited for grazing, or conservation purposes.

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 13
Plate 13 - Map Unit: Sma - Brown Sodosol
Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 14
Plate 14 - Map Unit: Smb - Red Dermosol

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 15
Plate 15 - Map Units: Smc, Smh - Grey Chromosol

Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Plate 16

Plate 16 - Map Unit: Smd - Yellow Chromosol



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Sma

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Steep metamorphic crests occur in the north of the Shire adjacent to the granitic terrain. A shallow stony brown Sodosol soil is common. Tenosols may also be found in very shallow soils where rock outcrop is significant. Soil depth varies from 30-80 cm in this unit. Surface stone is common, and may be up to 20 per cent in uncleared areas. A layer of stone is present between a depth of 10-30 cm in the A2 horizons. The bleached A2 horizons are poorly structured and have high contents of fine sand and silt. Surface stone can cause problems in agricultural situations, however in a construction situation it is easily removed. Topsoil should be retained and replaced after construction and the site revegetated to avoid sheet and gully erosion.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:CrestRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:0.3-0.8 m (variable)
Slope b) range:3-15%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Silver Wattle
Present Land Use:Grazing, native forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Low
Very low
Low
Low
Incidence
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S39
A1 0-5 cmVery dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, very weak consistence, pH 5.4. Abrupt transition to:
A2 5-30 cmLight brown (10YR6/3) loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular structure, peds 20-50 mm rough fabric, weak consistence, a few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.5. Clear transition to:
B2 30-80 cmBrown (10YR5/4) medium clay, coarse distinct brown and orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, a few subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.9. Diffuse transition to:
C80+ cmWeathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41(major), Uc, Gn3.04 (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Magnesic, Mottled-Subnatric, Brown SODOSOL; medium, non-gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.5
1
VL
L
D
D
T
H
VL
A2
4.4**
12
VL
VL
D
D
T
L
VL
B2
4.8
3
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 100 mm/day, range 0-330 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (125 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land UseClassMajor Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T2S3-4
Depth to hardrock (variable)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3-4
Depth to impermeable layer (variable)
Farm Dams
5
Very low dispersibility of subsoil, shallow depth to hardrock (variable)
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

3

3

Slope, proportion of stone and boulders

Proportion of stone and boulders, linear shrinkage
Secondary Roads
3
Slope, proportion of stone and boulders, linear shrinkage, USG
Rural Residential Development
5
Farm dams



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smb

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Steep sedimentary slopes are present adjacent to the granitic terrain in the north of the Shire. Soils are similar to those found on the crests (Sma) with predominantly shallow, stony red Dermosols and occassional brown Sodosols and Tenosols. Soil depth may vary from 50-110 cm. The A2 horizons have high percentages of silt and sand, and are prone to erosion if the topsoil is removed.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.3 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:CrestRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:35%Depth to Hard Rock:0.5-1.1 m
Slope b) range:> 33%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Narrow-leaved Peppermint, Messmate, Casuarina
Present Land Use:Grazing, native forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Moderate
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Low
Incidence
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S40
A1
0-10 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) humic fine sandy loam, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, very weak consistence, pH 5.4. Clear transition to:
A21
10-30 cm
Brown (10YR5/3) fine sandy loam, weak polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, very few small subrounded metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
A22
30-60 cm
Yellowish brown (10YR5/4) sandy clay loam fine sandy, weak subangular blocky structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many large (20-60 mm) subrounded metamorphic pebbles, pH 6.1. Gradual transition to:
B1
60-70 cm
Brown (7.5YR5/4) fine sandy clay, many medium distinct brownish yellowish mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, pH 6.1. Clear transition to:
B2
70-110 cm
Reddish brown (5YR4/4) medium clay, strong polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, angular metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm) are common, firm consistence, pH 5.8. Diffuse transition to:
B/C
110+ cm
Reddish brown (5YR4/4) light medium clay, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth structure, many angular metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), firm consistence.

Classification
Factual Key:Gn3.04 (major), Dy3.41, Uc (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Eutrophic, Red DERMOSOL; medium, non-gravelly, loamy, clayey, very deep. (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.5
1
VL
VL
D
S
T
H
VL
A21
4.7
5
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
A22
4.9
28
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
L
B1
4.8
4
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B2
4.8
0
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
L
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Slow (average 50 mm/day, range 0-80 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (148 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (13.5%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T5S4
Slope
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
5
Slope
Farm Dams
5
Slope
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

4

Slope

Slope, proportion of stone and boulders, susceptibility to slope failure
Secondary Roads
5
Slope
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, farm dams, effluent disposal, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smc

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Moderately steep slopes are found mostly in the north of the district near the metamorphic aureole. Stony, grey Chromosol soils with bleached A2 horizons are common, with variants including red and yellow Dermosols. Soil depth is between 75-130 cm. A stone layer is common in the A2 horizon, or at the top of the B1 horizon. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added. These slopes are prone to sheet and rill erosion, particularly if the A2 horizon is exposed.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:Silurian Depth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.3 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 20%
Slope a) common:25%Depth to Hard Rock:0.5-1.3 m
Slope b) range:21-32%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:High
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture grazing, native forest, state forest
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S42
A1
0-5 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) loam fine sandy, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 2-5 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
A2
5-45 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) sandy clay loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, weak polyhedral structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
B2
45-80 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) light clay, coarse prominent red mottles and coarse distinct orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 2-5 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.5. Gradual transition to:
C
80+ cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41(major), Gn3.04 (minor)
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Grey CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.2**
3
VL
VL
D
S
T
H
VL
A2
4.3**
26
VL
VL
D
D
T
VL
VL
B2
4.6
30
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Moderate (125 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Low (12%)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T4S4
Slope, gravel stone and boulder content
Effluent Disposal
(septic tanks)
4
Slope
Farm Dams
5
Slope, suitability of subsoil, very low dispersibility of subsoil
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

4

3

Slope

Slope, depth to seasonal watertable, proportion of stones and boulders, susceptibility to slope failure
Secondary Roads
4
Slope, proportion of stones and boulders
Rural Residential Development
5
Farm dams



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smd

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Moderate slopes occur along a noticeable break between steep and gentle slopes. Soils occurring on this unit are related to position in the landscape. The accumulation of colluvial material downslope influences soil formation and depth. The dominant soil type is a mottled yellow Chromosol with a bleached A2 horizon. A stone layer is common in the A2 horizon, or on the top of the B1 horizon. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added, making these slopes prone to sheet and rill erosion if the A2 horizon is exposed. Minor drainage lines may suffer from gully erosion.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:< 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sediments Flooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Moderately well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:14%Depth to Hard Rock:> 1.5 m
Slope b) range:11-20%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Very low
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S41
A1
0-10 cm
Very dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Abrupt transition to:
A2
10-35 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) fine sandy loam, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular blocky structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, abundant large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Clear transition to:
B21
35-125 cm
Light brownish grey (10YR6/2) fine sandy clay, many very coarse distinct orange mottles, weak polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, rough fabric, firm consistence, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
B22
125-150 cm
Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4) medium heavy clay, many very coarse distinct grey mottles and a few coarse prominent red mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, very few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Gradual transition to:
C
150 cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Yellow CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.3**
1
VL
L
D
D
T
VH
VL
A2
4.5
90
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B21
4.2**
< 1
VL
L
D
D
T
VL
M
B22
4.3**
< 1
VL
M
D
D
T
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Very high (> 200 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17.5 %)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T3S5
Gravel stone and boulder content (A2)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3
Slope, drainage
Farm Dams
4
Slope, depth to hardrock, permeability, susceptibility to slope failure
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

5

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Secondary Roads
5
Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smf

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The soils occurring on gentle metamorphic slopes are related to the position in the landscape. The dominant soil type is a mottled yellow Chromosol with a bleached A2 horizon. A rock layer is common in the A2 horizon or on top of the B1. The fine sandy or silty A2 horizon has very weak structure which breaks down readily when excess water is added, making these slopes prone to sheet and rill erosion if the A2 horizon is exposed. Minor drainage lines may suffer from gully erosion. Because of the nature of the metamorphic aureole and the steepness of the metamorphic country there is only a small area of this unit in the Shire.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:< 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sediments Flooding Risk:Nil
Landform Pattern:Rolling hillsDrainage:Moderately well drained
Landform Element:HillslopeRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:1.5 m
Slope b) range:4-10%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Incidence
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
NA

B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S41
A10-10 cmVery dark grey (10YR3/1) fine sandy loam, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Abrupt transition to:
A210-35 cmPale brown (10YR6/3) fine sandy loam, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, strong subangular structure, peds 20-50 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, abundant large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Clear transition to:
B2135-125 cmLight brownish grey (10YR6/2) fine sandy clay, many very coarse distinct orange mottles, weak polyhedral structure, peds 5-10 mm, rough fabric, firm consistence, pH 5.7. Gradual transition to:
B22125-150 cmLight yellowish brown (10YR6/4) medium heavy clay, many very coarse distinct grey mottles and a few coarse prominent red mottles, moderate polyhedral structure, peds 20-50 mm, smooth fabric, very firm consistence, very few large subangular metamorphic pebbles, pH 5.6. Gradual transition to:
C150 cmWeathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Yellow CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CH

Interpretation of Laboratory Analysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.3**
1
VL
L
D
D
T
VH
VL
A2
4.5
90
VL
VL
D
D
T
VL
VL
B21
4.2**
< 1
VL
L
D
D
T
VL
M
B22
4.3**
< 1
VL
M
D
D
T
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability:Moderate (average 130 mm/day, range 40-230 mm/day)
Available Water Capacity:Very high (> 200 mm H2O)
Linear Shrinkage (B horizon):Moderate (17.5 %)

C. LAND CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Land Use
Class
Major Limiting Feature(s)/Land Use
Agriculture
C2T3S5
Gravel stone and boulder content (A2)
Effluent Disposal (septic tanks)
3
Slope, drainage
Farm Dams
4
Slope, depth to hardrock, permeability, susceptibility to slope failure
Building Foundations
slab
stumps/footings

5

5

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)

Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Secondary Roads
5
Proportion of stones and boulders (A2)
Rural Residential Development
5
Secondary roads, building foundations



Land Capability Assessment of the Cardinia Shire - Tech Report 29 - Smh

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The metamorphic terrain generally has slopes between 20-40 per cent and the minor drainage lines which dissect these slopes are generally narrow and steep. In some situations minor drainage lines may not have been mapped due to restrictions of scale, especially in the steeper units. Bleached and mottled grey Chromosol soils are common. Some gully erosion occurs in this unit. Waterlogging is a problem in winter and spring months. The soils are often acidic.

SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Parent Material Age:SilurianDepth to Seas. Watertable:> 1.5 m
Parent Material Lithology:Metamorphosed sedimentsFlooding Risk:Moderate
Landform Pattern:Low hillsDrainage:Imperfectly drained
Landform Element:Drainage depressionRock Outcrop:< 10%
Slope a) common:7%Depth to Hard Rock:> 1.5 m
Slope b) range:2-15%
Potential Recharge to Groundwater:Moderate
Major Native Vegetation Species:Messmate, Narrow-leaved Peppermint
Present Land Use:Improved pasture, State Park
Length of Growing Season:8 months

LAND DEGRADATION
Degradation
Processes
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
Mass
Movement
Salting
Acidification
sheet/rill
gully
Susceptibility
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Incidence
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
NA
B. SOIL PROFILE

PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Site S42
A1
0-5 cm
Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) loam fine sandy, moderate subangular blocky structure, peds 2-5 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
A2
5-45 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) sandy clay loam fine sandy, bleached (10YR7/3) when dry, weak polyhedral structure, peds 10-20 mm, rough fabric, weak consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.3. Clear transition to:
B2
45-80 cm
Pale brown (10YR6/3) light clay, coarse prominent red mottles and coarse distinct orange mottles are common, strong polyhedral structure, peds 2-5 mm, smooth fabric, firm consistence, many subrounded metamorphic cobbles (60-200 mm), pH 5.5. Gradual transition to:
C
80+ cm
Weathered metamorphic rock.

Classification
Factual Key:Dy3.41
Australian Soil Classification:Bleached-Mottled, Magnesic, Grey CHROMOSOL; thick, slightly gravelly, loamy/clayey, moderate (confidence level 2)
Unified Soil Group:CL

Interpretation of Laboratory ANAlysis*
Horizon
pH (CaCl2)
% Gravel
EC (salts)
Nutrient Status
P
K
Al
Organic Matter
Dispersibility
A1
4.2**
3
VL
VL
D
S
S
H
VL
A2
4.3**
26
VL
VL
D
D
S
VL
VL
B2
4.6
30
VL
L
D
D
S
VL
VL
VL: Very low L: Low M: Moderate H: High VH: Very high D: Deficient S: Satisfactory
T: Potentially Toxic NA: Not Available * see Appendix D for analytical results ** Strongly Acidic

Soil Profile Characteristics:
Permeability: Page top